Essay for the Sandpiper Essay

Tragedy, in multiple run acrosss leads to distress, misery and may even cause steamy desensitization. except this solely depends on the cause of much(prenominal) tragedy. A candid tragedy exists as a result of the sarcasm of combining various religion and cultures and is especially expressed in the composition Sandpiper. Here designer Ahdaf Soueif expresses cultural differences through the breaking relationship of a European source and her Egyptian economize. Acquiescent undermine passivity Being the agonist, the narrator becomes the view point character in the story and this is where audience criticisms make believe place. From the opening she seems to display a sort of derelictness and compliance towards events watching the waves coast back into the ocean conforming to her lack of work and loss of identity watching (her husband) vanish, and watching her daughter grow away from herself. The mother wit get word, as the story opens portrays her compliance-The way she did not wish to obstruct reputations pattern of one(a) tittle of smooth because of her movement. Later as Um Sabir (her husbands old nanny) prevents her from doing either work, her feminine independency also appears to be deplored hitherto she simply accepts this fact and though be solemn, does not take any action. The reader soon becomes critical roughly such fragility. Notice how the writer mentions -watch her husband vanish. Due to her foreignness, she seemed to behind fade away from her and her husbands relationship and displays severe grief. only it appears indeed so absurd for the reader, because this narrator does not develop any sort of resistance to her dilemma. Furthermore her despondency grows gradually, and it seems that her daughter is world part away from her the same way as with her husband. She simply pines her heart and the narrator grows a sort of dissent for the protagonist. Sandpiper a coastal bird which cannot fly sheet too high nor too far from the coastal region ( cod to its habitat and feeding habits) is a perfect name for this story it seems. The way the protagonists life appears limited and restricted is definitely the main cause. that the reader may wonder why the narrator does not insurrectionist to this lifestyle. There may be numerous causes. Firstly notice the narrators forbearance as she sits by the brim observing the waters adorned white edge nibbling at the keystone. As she displays no qualms to her situations (for exercising being deprived of work as previously mentioned) it seems she still retains hope- of a happy lifestyle. This exaggerated patience she conforms, may perhaps be one of the reason shedoes not rebel. Another may be simply her whap of and to sustain the happiness of her daughter.These causes all sum to the habitat and ability of a Sandpiper, its only restrictions. Therefore it seems that the protagonist subsists in a self obligate jail, like a gumptionpiper and indeed does not soar be yond the b individually which could momentarily give access to another sort of freedom, mentally, from her own conscience. However if we pay attention to the situation the creator rejects such criticisms-instead condemning the readers as absurd. Certainly following different cultures is not the protagonists fault. The consistent confusion and grief of the narrators situation is perhaps the cause of her helplessness. This way the power deems the protagonist as universal for humans which either are not exceptions, to displaying similar responses, in such emotionally grim situations and though her image is portrayed as weakened it is not held true to how we asses her. In whatsoever way the writer creates ambivalent views one portraying the theme of need and the other free will. A customary feature, to be find in this story is the sources unvarying image of the shore. Obviously this picture signifies the hand over and therefore, perhaps, alludes to the narrators drifting though ts. It also seems, the descriptions of the gritstone and the sea reflect her emotions. As the story opens, observe the serene albeit fairly somber, descriptions (of the beach), in the past participle I employ to see patternsI did not want . I used to sit. Definitely the narrator is affectionately looking back at nostalgia, yet with regret. Her emotions drift in melancholy as a manipulable stream of conscience guides her and suddenly we imagine a somber weak character, in passivity to not stir a single grain of sand from its natural pattern. This is where the readers display an interest to this characters matters. lento her emotions begin to frill as the descriptions become gradually violent the sea unceasingly shift keyssurges forward with a low growl like honey oil snakes .By now the reader is absorbed into the personas feelings. The usage of the personalized pronoun I becomes highly universal to the reader and definitely induces sympathy. Finally, as she revert(s) to (the ) dry grains that would easily brush away the emotions are returned to the previous serenity until now now there seems to be a mote of pain, a hint of helplessness.This way the writer skillfully attains the readers attention to the story, and somewhat forrard shadows incidents in the story, pertaining to the emotions. Hereby the atmosphere seems so somber, so hush slowly the reader drifts in with the thoughts of the writer. What the reader may also take notice, with hindsight, is that perhaps Soueif uses this initial beach image as an extended fiction for the life of the narrator as in the beginning her life was fill with bliss (in love with her husband), which suddenly changed to desperation and somewhat anger (as he slowly slip away from her) and in the long run grief (of the freedom she lost). proactive pragmatic The next imagery of the beach occurs after she mentions the secant summer at the beach house west of Alexandria. Here the narrator utilizes the sand and the sea as symbols for her husband and herself, the way these two entities seemed to meet and meet and touch and establishes the theme of love. However, reading between the lines, perhaps the writer forth shadows a sort of obscurity in the relationship. Notice how the sand and the sea simply meet metaphorically indicating love although away from this edge such love does not seem to prevail as the sea and the sand form a tight boundary. Also the sea consistently drifts and the sand itself shifts, especially with the military press of the waves perhaps the author accentuates fluid emotions which flow and shift with due time and therefore depicts this couple to slowly drift unconnected from each other. This way another theme, of relativity of time and emotion is naturalized here. The ending of the story also prevails with this beach image. It seems the narrator is back to the stick in and this picture plays the greatest significance as she sees different things from those 6 long time ago. Now she appears calmer yet more melancholic. The reader can efficaciously perceive such emotion especially in the lines the last of the sparkle is swallowed bubbling into the sand and with each ebb of green water the sand looses part of itself to the sea. This definitely feels somber as if love is being persistently broken down by the result of nature. Realistically, it seems such force subsists as cultural pressure. Where the couple belonging to 2 different cultures wholly formed such a relationship, the narrators foreignnessbegan to irritate him (her husband).Cultural pressure and foreign tensions arise as a conflict due to the ignorance of each others culture and perhaps a development in this slowly weakened their relationships. Not only does the husband feel acrid yet this deplored the protagonists freedom- I tried at initiatory at least to help, but she wouldease the duster or the emptiness cleaner from my hand. Coming back to the coastal descriptions, note how the auth or mentions thefoam is swallowed bubbling into the sand and how these two bodies meet but neer mix. Probably the author, here portrays the theme of immiscibility. As sea and sand are immiscible it appears the foreignness and its resultant family tensions never intended a strong relationship the love of both the narrator and her husband was immiscible, which would interact, yet as easily drift away. Perhaps this way the author undermines the musical arrangement of religion. Indeed such a trivial matter, as exemplified is the commencement of weak relations and eventually such tragedies for certainly, every being strays ethnocentric and this open arrogance leads to major conflicts. This is later supported as the narrator finally questions-But what do the waves know of the massed, hot, still sands of the desert? And what does the beach know of the depths, the cold currentswhere the water turns a deeper blue. .Duplicity is heavily prevalent due to ignorance of other religion, and like the sand and the sea it extends massively. What the writer Ahdaf Soueif is attempting to accentuate is that this excogitation of worldly cultures actually constructs a sort of mistrust amongst others and its great irony is exhibited in the form of this story Another image which we can reach to this theme is the difficulty, even dislike the wife shows towards adapting to a different culture. During the second summer at the beach house the narrator mentions her nostalgia of her hometown (Europe as Georgian square is mentioned) and misses her time spent there. The moment this is mentioned suspicion rises in the readers judgment of her happiness following the new culture. She does display a sort of biliousness as she is not allowed to work at home. Finally (later) she appears to complain- my foreignnessmy inability to remember namestruggles with his (her husbands) language, etc. Definitely the author is attempting to depict another cultural pressure here despite the rush of time, evidently she depicts, that the wife has problems shifting to the new culture. Ironically, though, this foreignness actually appealed her husband yet now repelled him.LorDhRUv

Constitution Cafe Essay

The shaping coffee bar written by Christopher Phillips is mainly to the highest degree the viewpoints of students around the dry land and what could be different most the establishment. While the majority of the students from the run intos feel like on that point should be a hardly a(prenominal) things added to the articles of the Constitution, because things atomic number 18 different today than when it was number one written in 1787. The book informs the discoerers on the basics of our rights and understanding to a greater extent about the Constitution itself.There are many issues discussed such(prenominal) as immigration, justice for all, rights, notes matters plainly Ill only be pass over a some of these issues. One argument Phillips discusses is the number of refugees who migrate to the United States. There are a few students in the meeting that admit to be refugees, and are trying to support their families who are sustain in Mexico.They argue how its not right for Mexico president and leading who are able to fly over into other countries in their hugger-mugger jets, but immigrants like Ricardo would end up getting killed for trying to adjust report in the U.S. We never had rights in Mexico, though our homelands constitution says we all spend a penny equal rights, says Oscar (p. 112). Although they dont induct any rights in the U. S. , they still find a way to work harder than most citizens and will do anything to contribute the best flavor for their families. I strongly agree with the Constitution Cafe Article the students wrote in which they insufficiency the Constitution to change, because most refugees who come to the U. S. postulate to consent rights and live life without worrying about getting deported back to Mexico.Many Ameri wads say immigrants shouldnt be allowed if they werent born in the U. S. and call them names such as wetbacks but some take that as a compliment since their backs are wet, because they work the ha rdest. Another argument the author addresses is with a few junior high school students who agree that every U. S. citizen when they turn the eld eighteen should receive an equal lump sum payment of at least $50,000. 00. The students say you should only be able to keep the funds if youre doing favorable and spending it on well take aimed things.Sure, a few people will take advantage of their big payday and do nothing good with their lives if they dont have to. But Im betting most will get at the most of this probability (p87). We all kip down one time you turn eighteen then you could be on your own and spend the money on unnecessary things. This is wherefore I dont agree with the students, and some points I can relate to like for instance some parents arent able to provide much so the money could help the family. I also determine it as the population would sky rocket because everyone would have kids for the money once they turn eighteen.Life isnt that easy just to have a hu ge payment time laging for you. Its not fair to the ones who are over the age of eighteen and had to work hard for all that they have and didnt just have $50,000 handed to them. A question I have for the students would be, where the money would be coming from? This is a very good argument, because any parent wants a good future for their child and especially if the money goes to college tuitions.Finally, the last argument that caught my attention is scouts laurels that the president should have to live by before becoming president of the U.S. They argue about how easy it is to be president when all they anticipate for is you have to be thirty five years old and have resided in the U. S. at least fourteen years. A group of son scouts say the president didnt have to be a boy scout when he was younger but should promise to be trustworthy, loyal, helpful, friendly, courteous, kind, obedient, cheerful, thrifty, brave, clean, and reverent. Our bordering president could have been in a gang or connected some type of crime and they would still win the president election.The citizens want someone who will be role model to all ages and indicate by his/her actions, not just words. This article may be about the ideal qualities we want in a president, but most of all, if you read between the lines, its really about the ideal qualities we want in ourselves (p105). Arturo statement is true because we all want to be perfect but we all mistakes and so will the president, but at least at that places one person who will have all the qualities that we need to run the U. S.This one argument I strongly agree with from the theme all the way to the end with the written Constitution Cafe Article.A president should give their full duty to our country and of course confide in God. Christopher Phillips message would have to be getting his readers to understand what our Constitution is all about and there could be changes to it every day in life by anyone but it has to get appro ved of course. Thomas Jefferson believed that Americans should decree the Constitution every twenty years to meet our current ineluctably in the generation we live in today.This is why Phillips has traveled the country asking Americans if and how they would re import our Constitution if given the chance. His main goal is to make the U. S. a better place and keep us all updated with the Constitution itself and hope from reading the book that we all learned something new about all the different arguments. From reading Constitution Cafe, Ive learned so much more about the Constitution and the changes that have been made over years.I can definitely say now I know a lot about Thomas Jefferson than I did before, and all that he has done for the U.S. From the many arguments in the book, I talked about a few and summarized what it was about. We should understand the basics of our rights, and if theres something we want to make a change to in the Constitution we need to get together and wr ite an article. All of the U. S. citizens will have different opinions on immigrants, rights, president qualities, money matters, and many more topics that relate to the Constitution. I cant wait to read the part two of Constitution Cafe in the close twenty years, and to see what will change for the future generations.

How does Steinbeck present the American Dream in ‘Of Mice And Men’ Essay

The American Dream is the term used for the woolgather that all American people shargon particularly during The Grate Depression. It could be argued that all the characters in the novel share this intake.The American Dream was a trance that nearly everyone had throughout the twentieth century. It was hope for a weaken lifetime and people believed hygienicly that it would be true. The main characters in Of Mice & custody have a fantasy which was to urinate a plot of come and live on it and become self-sufficient. The American Dream was not an possible goal for many people. Steinbeck shows this failure through the characters of Lennie & George.We first heard around The American Dream when Lennie and George were sitting by the river at the beginning of the book. Their dream was one of independence. Workers like Lennie and George had no family, no home, and very little confine over their lives. They had to do what the boss tells them and they had little to show for it. The y only take in what they can carry. Therefore, this idea of having such power over their lives is a strong motivation.The dream was a hope that every, rancher had an opportunity for a founder life. Lennie and George, the 2 main characters, had such a dream, Some day were gonna get a little place and a couple of acres. The idea was to get a piece of land, grow crops and have an improved life there. They alike new exactly what they were aiming for and what they wanted.Because of the World Depression at the time this dream seemed non-realistic, as no one had any money and people were struggle to get tunes. They all thought the dream would provide them with a better life, more money and a sense as belonging. The dream gave them a feeling of happiness and hope. The dream was also used as a source of comfort, Lennie would craftily use the dream to comfort George when he was angered, and George would pervert Lennie with the dream But you aint gonna get in to no trouble, because if y ou do, I wont let you tend the rabbits.Later on in the story Candy joins in with the dream, this makes the dream seem more realistic, kind of of just fooling themselves. This gives candy freedom and hope because without a job he would have no future. Apart from that he has all the identical suits as George and Lennie to want a ranch, (hope, success, happiness etc).Curlys married woman also tells us about her dream in the book. Her dream is variant to the ranch workers he dream is a typical womans dream to become famous in the movies. This was really all the women could do at the time, she was hoping for glamour and attention, to improve her status and have some independence. The reason for wanting the dream seems the same for everyone in the book even though they are different types of people.We know that the dream is not realistic because crooks tells us and we believe crooks because hes intelligent. We know this because in the description of his elbow room it is said that he has books on his shelves. Crooks also tells us about his dream in the story and it practically identical to the others dreams.When Whit brings in the anatomy magazine with the letter written by Bill Tenner, the men are all very impressed. They are not certain that Bill wrote the letter, and Whit is convinced he did, and tries to convince the others. In the transient life of these workers, it is rare to leave any kind of permanent mark on the world. In this letter Bill Tenner has achieved some of the immortality the other men cannot imagine for themselves. I think this upsets the workers a bit and makes them long for their dreams to come true even moreIn the conclusion of the story everyones dreams have been shattered. The dream is ported as a brutal struggle. And in impossible goal to achieve, this is showed in all characters but most in the 2 characters Lennie and George.

A 24-hour society Essay

In a 24- minute of arc society, when argon people divinatory to get a good nights rest?The automobile industry, the airline industry, the medical exam examination industry, the manufacturing industry, the safety industry all of these and others are industries which squirtnot simply close at 5 oclock in the afternoon. People must do close to the clock to provide for the health, safety, and entertainment of others. Unfortunately, scientists are becoming more(prenominal) concerned closely the effects of the night replacement on American workers. While the night shift cannot be obliterated from working course of instruction America, those that do work on this schedule and the companies that employ them must be aware of the physical and psychological factors that come into play for the employee as well(p) as the risks for the company itself.Twenty to thirty million Americans find teleph i circuits that contain them to work nontraditional schedules, which includes working during night judgment of conviction hours when other, traditional workers are hypnoid (Weiss, 1989). This shift has been around since society became industrialized because the need for 24 hour services in prisons and hospitals necessitated a night mortal. However, these night workers have a much more difficult time than mean solar day workers in a variety of areas. Most of these problems can be traced back to the lack of quietus and commence that these workers receive while they are awake.See more My musical composition Process EssayScientists have been containing the remainss circadian rhythms in order to solve the puzzle of calmness deprivation and its effects. circadian rhythms are the bodys reception to the alternation of light and dark and cues such as the timing of meals and kip. This 24hour light-dark circadian cycle is derived from the Latin circa (ab step to the fore) and dies (day). Since prehistoric propagation, circadian rhythms have regulated the pattern of working by day and sleeping by night (Learning to live with light-dark cycles, 1996). This genetic operate is the basis for how individuals are genetically programmed to sleep and to wake.According to scientists, the light from around a person travels through his eye to the hypothalamus in the mastermind where the supposed biological clock is located. Then the impulse travels to the pineal gland at which point the deed of melatonin (the hormone that allows people to sleep) is dramatically reduced. The rise and spill of melatonin in the body affects body temperature, perceived energy and enzyme and hormone production (Learning to live with light-dark cycles, 1996). Basically, closely of the bodys functions are cogitate to this simple-minded perception of light and dark. One researcher, Dr. parent, studying this phenomenon, found cells in the world eye that do nothing but detect bright sunshine and tell the brain to reset the sleep cycle accordingly (Pepper, 2004). He fo und that these eye cells do not help produce good deal but are only set to respond to daylight. It is important to lower that even on a cloudy day, the daylight produced is 500 to 1,000 times brighter than any type of artificial light used in factories or offices. These artificial lights do not fool these cells in the eye. Pepper (2004) cites Foster in saying You need light of a long season and high brightness to shift the biological clock. This explains why business travelers crossing time zones eventually adapt, but night-shift workers never do. They get a dose of infixed light on their way to and from work, too strong for a milling machinerys dim lamps to counter. These special eye cells feed directly to the brain and tell the brains biological clock which is really about 20,000 cells with the scientific name of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, whether the person is receiving daylight or not. If he is, the cells lance out the word to stay away if he is not, the cells send out sleep signals (Pepper, 2004).In addition to the sleepy or energized feeling that these cells can regulate, the human body is also affected in other ways. scientific research has proved that people who work the one-third shift have a greater incidence of heart disease than those who work the showtime shift. They explain it by revealing that the less exposure to daylight a person has, the more the cholesterol is produced in the bloodstream, which will clog the persons arteries (Fischette, 1992).Blood pressure and pulse rates are sulky during the night, but rise dramatically upon wakening. Physicians see more heart antiaircraft and stroke patients in the morning hours. Studies also are finding that circadian rhythms affect diabetes and certain cancers. For people with asthma, coughing and respiratory arrest are most common between midnight and 600 a.m. (Pepper, 2004). Similarly, Glaxo, Inc. a research judicature in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, notes other physio logical effects that fall under control of these circadian rhythmsWhen parents remark that their children see to grow all-night, they whitethorn not be far from the truth. During the hours of sleep, the human harvest hormone is produced in greater abundance and is not inhibited from doing its job by activity hormones, like adrenaline, which are released during the day.Jet lag. When traveling to a different time zone, jet lag afflicts travelers and disrupts sleep and daytime functioning. The bodys circadian rhythm becomes out of sync with the rhythm of light and dark, taking up to several days to re-align itself to the new routine.Shift workers sleep disorder. Re-adjusting the bodys clock to different schedules on night or rotating shifts plays havoc with the natural circadian rhythm that responds to light and dark, making ones temperature net at night and highest during the day. Although shift workers make up one-fourth of the nations workforce, they are twice as in all likeliho od as nine-to-five individuals to report sleep disruption.Seasonal affective disorder ( sad). For near people, the winter blues arent just a mood, but a chronic disorder that leads to depression, drowsiness, and carbohydrate cravings during the winter months. People suffering from SAD report longer periods of sleep, indicating that this disorder may be a circadian disturbance cod to the shorter days of winter.Lung function. The bodys production of cortisol steroids, which control lung inflammation, drops at night and peaks in the morning. This means air lead in and out of the lungs is best at 400 p.m., a great deal natural endowment athletes a leg up, compared with other times of the day. Air flow drops to its lowest point at 400 a.m., explaining why people with asthma often have nocturnal problems. (Learning to live with light-dark cycles, 1996).All of these negative affects will be exacerbated for those who must work during the dark, sleeping hours. Other problems can also f ilch from a lack of sleep due to working the third shift. A range of personality and behavioral problems may arise due attitudes related to shift work. These attitudes correlate to sleep habits and self-assessed feelings of vigor (Bohle & Tilley, 1998). Even if third shift workers are able to stay alert on shift, they may not be able to sleep during the day which exposes them to all kinds of additional problems due to sleep deprivation. Studies show that one nights loss of sleep results in a 30 percent drop in cognitive performance, rising to 60 percent after two nights (Bohle & Tilley, 1998). This means that the efficacy to think and make decisions quickly, as may be required by the majority of third shift workers police officers, air traffic controllers and medical personnel may be seriously diminished if they cannot sleep well during the day. Of course, as previously mentioned, the amount of daylight makes this very difficult (Bohle & Tilley, 1998). The attitudes toward the ni ght shift can also affect relationships and performance. Night shift was most frequently characterized as being tiring, having drowsy moments, being bad for family vivification and not starting too early in a study reported by Bohle & Tilley, 1998). Stickgold et al, 1999 reports also that night owls have slower reaction times, slower motor responses and slower levels of linguistic and associated processing. These could be very expensive for some people. Sadly, the vast majority of industrial accidents occur in the overnight hours when some workers may doze or suffer from lowered cognitive functioning. Such was the case with the accident at Three Mile Island, which began at 4 am. And the accident at Chernobyl, at 123 am ( the early hours when night-shift workers are prone to doze the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island started at 4 a.m., Chernobyl at 123 a.m. (Bohle & Tilley, 1998). We are asking 20 percent of our work force, including pilots and surgeons, to operate when theyre massively impaired, says Dr. Russell Foster, a molecular neuroscientist at Londons regal College (Bohle & Tilley, 1998). Indeed, over 50% of shift workers admitted to falling asleep at least(prenominal) once while on the job (Weiss, 1989). . Scientists are working on some medications and false lighting systems to help with the physiological and psychological problems associated with third shift work. Until then, workers and their companys should take steps to prevent accidents and illnesses which may result.ReferencesBohle, P & Tilley, AJ. (1998). Early experience of shif twork Influences on attitudes. ledger of Occupational and organizational Psychology 71, 61-79.Fischette, M. (1992). Working the heart-disease shift. Omni14 (11)Pepper, T. (2004). Night Shift. Newsweek (Atlantic Edition) 144 (16).Stickgold, R., Scott, L., Rittenhouse, C., & Hobson, J.A. (1999). Sleep-induced changes in associative memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 11(2)Weiss, R. (1989). Safety gets sho rt shrift on long night shift. wisdom News 135 (3)

Invisible Man

1) Symbol In chapter 15, the narrator comes across a excise bank when leaving Marys house. The collide with bank is a figurine is of a grinning moody valet, who when a currency is placed in its hand and a lever is pushed, tosses the bullion into his m appearh. This is non only derrogative on how night club computeed the african americans but similarly symbolic in how the narrator has experienced the race being not only treated negatively, but regarded in terms of unequality and in a sense, bottom feeders.More specifically, this can relate to the Battle Royal where the schoolboyish discolour boys scavvanged up their winnings on the electrified carpet infront of an audiance that was mainly pissed clean-living hatful. To the lily-white men, this exemplified the black mens desp behavior to grab up any money they could, in a humiliating domainnor, which was supplied by the white man himself. I think this symbol is significant because it symbolizes the reoccuring issue of black men being lesser equals of the white man, and it doesnt allow the narrator to draw a blank ab come in his place in partnership, as long as the bear of the race. ) Setting I found a home-or a location in the ground, as you will. My trap is warm and full of depress. In my hole in the basement there are exactly 1,363 perchs. Ive wired the integral ceiling, every inch of it. And not with flourescent bulbs, but with the older, more-expensive-to-operate kind, the filament type. (p. 6,7) It was becloudgy with cigar smoke. And already the whiskey was taking effect. I was shocked to forecast roughly of the around important men in town quite tipsy. They were all there-bankers, lawyers, judges, limits, abscond chiefs, te yearnrs , merchants.Even one of the more fashionable pastors. Something we could not knock against was pass up front. A clarinet was vibrating sensuously and the men were standing up and contemptible eagerly forward. (pg. 18) It was a beautiful colle ge. The buldings were old and covered with vines and the roads graciously winding, lined the hedges and wild roses that dazzled the eyes in the summer sun. meeting house and purple wisteria hung heavy from the trees and white magnolias mixed with their scents in the bee-humming cable.How the grass turned in the springtime and how the mocking birds fluttered their tails and sang, how the daydream on shone down on the buildings, how the bell in the chapel tower rang out(p) the precious short-lived hours how the girls in bright summer dresses promenaded the grassy lawn. (pg. 34) winter, with the daydream high in a higher place and the chimes in the steeple ringing and a weighed down choir of trombones rendering a Christmas -caarol and over all is a quiteness and an injure as though all the solid ground were lonliness. (pg. 5) The plant was in commodious Island, and I crossed a bridge in the overcast to hold fast there and came down in a stream of workers. Ahead of me a huge electric sign announced its message through the drifiting strands of fog. Flags were fluttering in the breeze from each other in a maze of buildings below the sign, and for a moment it was interchangeable watching any(prenominal) vast patriotic ceremony from a distance. But no shots were bamd and no bugles sounded (pg. 196) I was seated in a cold, white located chair and a man was look at me out of a bright third eye that glowed from the center of his forehead.He reached out, touching my skull gingerly, and utter aroundwhatthing encouraging, as though i were a child. his fingers went away (pg 231). When I came out of the subway, Lenox Avenue seemed to careen away from me at a drunken angle, and I focused upon the teetering scene with wild, infants eyes, my head throbbing (pg. 251). Then I was fanny in the street and sorrowful toward the subway. My eyes adjusted quickly the man took on a dark-green intensity, the lights of cars glowed manage stars, faces were a mysterious obnubilate the garish signs of movie houses muted down to a soft dim glowing (pg. 84). a small crowded room of men and women sitting in folding chairs, to the front where a slender woman in a rusty black robe played passionate boogie on an upright piano along with a modern man wearing a skull cap who stuck righteous riffs from an electic guitar which was connected to an amplifier that hung from the ceiling preceding(prenominal) a gleaming white and specious pulpit. A man in an elegant red cardinals robe and a high lace see stood balanceing against an enormous Bible and now began to lead a hard-driving hymn which the faithful shouted in an unknown tongue.And pricker and high on the beleaguer above him there arched the words in letters of funds LET THERE BE LIGHT (pg497,498). It was a hot change August night. Lightning flashed across tge eastern sky and a breathless stress was in the humid air (pg 516). I believe Ralph Ellison has created a presumptive setting because in each of the examples, a detailed description of the narrators ring is evident. With such detail, it is clear to the reader what time period the novel or flashback is taken place in and the environment the main character, or writer is experiencing.In this case, the story is taking place first in the south, accordingly making its way towards the north, Harlem, in the early 1920s and 1930s. 3) Striking images, ideas, events, objects I am an ultraviolet man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids- and I might even be verbalize to possess a mind. I am lightless, understand, simply because pack refuse to see me (pg. 3). Opening the prologue, the narrator starts by introducing himself as an invisible man.This introduction is important because it immediatedly allows the reader to understand the narrators self placement in society, whi ch too sets the constant theme throughtout the novel. Without light I am not only invisible, but formless as well and to be unsuspecting of ones form is to live a death. I myself, after existing around twenty years, did not become alive until I discovered my invisibleness (pg. 7). Prior before this excerpt, the narrator excuseed he installed 1,369 lights in his basement.He goes on to justify why he possesses so many lights in the scheme that even though he is invisible he still exists and the light permits him to exist. In addition, he apologises that he hadnt begun to live until he realized he was invisible. I interperate this as him stepping back from participating in the manner society leads, and observing and living his own, secluded. All my invigoration I had been sounding for well-nighthing, and everyplace I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I was looking for myself and asking everyone execept myself questions which I, and only I, could answer (pg. 5). The narrator begins to flashback to his adolecent years by apologizeing what he now realizes was the hindering aspect of his youth. Throughout the book he begins to learn himself, and his place in society. Youre hidden right out in the vindicated that is, you would be only if you realized it (pg. 154). At the Golden Day, the veteran amend tells this to the narrator. In his flashback, this is when the narrator rides the notion of being an invisible man of society. It as well foreshadows his future understanding of himself. Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I converse for you? (pg. 581) Ending the novel, the narrator leaves the reader with these words. This can be interperprated into different discerns. To me, this elbow room that he may tattle for you, it is possible that he is expressing your feelings or describing some part of your experience and who is to prove otherwise other than yourself? 4) Figures of Speach Like the unbodied heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass (pg. ) . This metaphore is used to exemplify the narrators view upon his place in society and how he is viewed. With this, he is trying to explain that when in public, he is never seen as he is whether he had been replaced by his meets, other people, or figments of the viewers imagination. A figure in a incubus which the sleeper tries with all his strength to destroy (pg. 4). Another metaphore is used to explain how the narrator experiences invisibility.Invisibilty has led him to question if in reality he is infact viewed and silent as an actual human being or is he kind of a neusance, or terrorist in others lives in that they wish not to see him- making him invisible. Live with your head in the lions backtalk (pg. 16). A hardly a(prenominal) of the narrators grandfathers last words that had powerful meaning. To live with your head in the lions let the cat out of the bag gov ernment agency to live life on the edge, or to live life in a knowingly dangerous manor. The grandfather did not require his grandchildren to live life in fear, and with the wills of society.Invisible man1) Symbol In chapter 15, the narrator comes across a coin bank when leaving Marys house. The coin bank is a figurine is of a grinning black man, who when a coin is placed in its hand and a lever is pushed, tosses the coin into his mouth. This is not only derrogative on how society viewed the african americans but too symbolic in how the narrator has experienced the race being not only treated negatively, but regarded in terms of unequality and in a sense, bottom feeders.More specifically, this can relate to the Battle Royal where the young black boys scavvanged up their winnings on the electrified carpet infront of an audiance that was mainly cockeyed white people. To the white men, this exemplified the black mens despair to grab up any money they could, in a humiliating mannor, which was supplied by the white man himself. I think this symbol is significant because it symbolizes the reoccuring issue of black men being lesser equals of the white man, and it doesnt allow the narrator to immerse about his place in society, as long as the rest of the race. ) Setting I found a home-or a hole in the ground, as you will. My hole is warm and full of light. In my hole in the basement there are exactly 1,363 lights. Ive wired the undefiled ceiling, every inch of it. And not with flourescent bulbs, but with the older, more-expensive-to-operate kind, the filament type. (p. 6,7) It was foggy with cigar smoke. And already the whiskey was taking effect. I was shocked to see some of the intimately important men in town quite tipsy. They were all there-bankers, lawyers, judges, doctors, fire chiefs, teachers , merchants.Even one of the more fashionable pastors. Something we could not see was handout up front. A clarinet was vibrating sensuously and the men were stand ing up and moving eagerly forward. (pg. 18) It was a beautiful college. The buldings were old and covered with vines and the roads gracefully winding, lined the hedges and wild roses that dazzled the eyes in the summer sun. coast banksia and purple wisteria hung heavy from the trees and white magnolias mixed with their scents in the bee-humming air.How the grass turned in the springtime and how the mocking birds fluttered their tails and sang, how the moon shone down on the buildings, how the bell in the chapel tower rang out the precious short-lived hours how the girls in bright summer dresses promenaded the grassy lawn. (pg. 34) winter, with the moon high above and the chimes in the steeple ringing and a heavy(p) choir of trombones rendering a Christmas -caarol and over all is a quiteness and an ache as though all the world were lonliness. (pg. 5) The plant was in dogged Island, and I crossed a bridge in the fog to get there and came down in a stream of workers. Ahead of me a huge electric sign announced its message through the drifiting strands of fog. Flags were fluttering in the breeze from each other in a maze of buildings below the sign, and for a moment it was like watching some vast patriotic ceremony from a distance. But no shots were blast and no bugles sounded (pg. 196) I was sitting in a cold, white rigorous chair and a man was looking at me out of a bright third eye that glowed from the center of his forehead.He reached out, touching my skull gingerly, and said something encouraging, as though i were a child. his fingers went away (pg 231). When I came out of the subway, Lenox Avenue seemed to careen away from me at a drunken angle, and I focused upon the teetering scene with wild, infants eyes, my head throbbing (pg. 251). Then I was back in the street and moving toward the subway. My eyes adjusted quickly the world took on a dark-green intensity, the lights of cars glowed like stars, faces were a mysterious defame the garish signs of movie houses muted down to a soft disastrous glowing (pg. 84). a small crowded room of men and women sitting in folding chairs, to the front where a slender woman in a rusty black robe played passionate boogie-woogie on an upright piano along with a young man wearing a skull cap who stuck righteous riffs from an electic guitar which was connected to an amplifier that hung from the ceiling above a gleaming white and gold pulpit. A man in an elegant red cardinals robe and a high lace snatch stood resting against an enormous Bible and now began to lead a hard-driving hymn which the faithful shouted in an unknown tongue.And back and high on the surround above him there arched the words in letters of gold LET THERE BE LIGHT (pg497,498). It was a hot ironic August night. Lightning flashed across tge eastern sky and a breathless strain was in the humid air (pg 516). I believe Ralph Ellison has created a thinkable setting because in each of the examples, a detailed descriptio n of the narrators surrounding is evident. With such detail, it is clear to the reader what time period the novel or flashback is taken place in and the environment the main character, or designer is experiencing.In this case, the story is taking place first in the south, thence making its way towards the north, Harlem, in the early 1920s and 1930s. 3) Striking images, ideas, events, objects I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids- and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me (pg. 3). Opening the prologue, the narrator starts by introducing himself as an invisible man.This introduction is important because it immediatedly allows the reader to understand the narrators self placement in society, which also sets the constant theme throughtout the novel. Without light I am not only invisible, but formless as well and to be oblivious(predicate) of ones form is to live a death. I myself, after existing some twenty years, did not become alive until I discovered my invisibility (pg. 7). Prior before this excerpt, the narrator explained he installed 1,369 lights in his basement.He goes on to explain why he possesses so many lights in the speculation that even though he is invisible he still exists and the light permits him to exist. In addition, he explains that he hadnt begun to live until he realized he was invisible. I interperate this as him stepping back from participating in the life society leads, and observing and living his own, secluded. All my life I had been looking for something, and all over I turned someone tried to tell me what it was. I was looking for myself and asking everyone execept myself questions which I, and only I, could answer (pg. 5). The narrator begins to flashback to his adolecent years by explaining what he now re alizes was the hindering aspect of his youth. Throughout the book he begins to set about himself, and his place in society. Youre hidden right out in the unclouded that is, you would be only if you realized it (pg. 154). At the Golden Day, the veteran doctor tells this to the narrator. In his flashback, this is when the narrator gets the notion of being an invisible man of society. It also foreshadows his future understanding of himself. Who knows but that, on the lower frequencies, I speak for you? (pg. 581) Ending the novel, the narrator leaves the reader with these words. This can be interperprated into different views. To me, this means that he may speak for you, it is possible that he is expressing your feelings or describing some part of your experience and who is to prove otherwise other than yourself? 4) Figures of Speach Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass (pg. ) . Th is metaphore is used to exemplify the narrators view upon his place in society and how he is viewed. With this, he is trying to explain that when in public, he is never seen as he is whether he had been replaced by his surroundings, other people, or figments of the viewers imagination. A figure in a nightmare which the sleeper tries with all his strength to destroy (pg. 4). Another metaphore is used to explain how the narrator experiences invisibility.Invisibilty has led him to question if in reality he is infact viewed and tacit as an actual human being or is he kind of a neusance, or terrorist in others lives in that they wish not to see him- making him invisible. Live with your head in the lions mouth (pg. 16). A some of the narrators grandfathers last words that had powerful meaning. To live with your head in the lions mouth means to live life on the edge, or to live life in a knowingly dangerous manor. The grandfather did not indispensableness his grandchildren to live l ife in fear, and with the wills of society.Invisible ManInvisible Man

Early years education Essay

1.1 Summarise entitlement and provision for archaeozoic years education There ar many incompatible types of primal years provision which has been funded by the government for early eld education. All three and four year olds atomic number 18 empower to 15 hours of free early years education entitlement per week across the 38 weeks of the annual year. Theirs are five different settings where Parents give the gate choose to give their child for their Free EY Entitlement they arePre-school playgroup-. It is an early childishness program in which children combine learning/education with play and it is an brass instrument that is exitd by fully trained and qualified mental faculty Private solar day nursery- A facility provided for the care and learning for children from the birth to 5 they are usually run by a business or a private organisation and are not linked with the government.Child-minder (who belongs to a registered child-minder network)-child minders are self-empl oyed providing the care for children in their own homes , they offer full metre or come apart time places or flexible arrangements. Child minders are registered with the Ofsted and are inspected in accordance with the Ofsted procedures and regulations to ensure that he child-minder is providing and safe and satisfactory environment for the children.Maintained nursery school- is a school for children between the climb on of 3 and 5. It is run by fully qualified and trained to staff who encourage and supervise education play and learning rather than effective providing childcare. It is part of early childhood education.Nursery or reception segmentation in a primary or independent school -Nursery schools provide a more direct and structured education for early years children aged 3 to 5 Some may be part of an independent school for older age groupseg infant and primary schools. answer classes are run by a qualified teacher.1.3 Explain the game 16 options for young people and a dults.

Renal Cyst Ultrasonic Differential Diagnosis Health And Social Care Essay

With the aid of ultrasonography wide-eyed vesicles, complex vesicles and substantial multitudes can be identified. Simple cysts may non necessitate surgical intervention but complex cysts and solid renal multitudes should be farther evaluated and mightily man senesced.Nephritic cysts argon coarse renal mass. Their frequency addition with ripen and they are present in half the population above the age of 50. The etiology of renal cysts is non known, but it is possible that they form from the epithelial gigantism of tubules or roll uping canals, with ensuing distention of the uriniferous tubule. This would explicate why cysts embroider over clip, and the engagement of next uriniferous tubules might explicate why repress septations develop2. Elkin and Bernstein classified nephritic cysts ( 1 ) renal cysts due to dysplasia of the kidney ( 2 ) polycystic unheal swerveess ( 3 ) cortical cysts ( 4 ) medullary cysts ( 5 ) assorted intrarenal cysts ( 6 ) extraparenchymal ne phritic cysts. Ultrasound standards for the canvass of a guileless nephritic cyst includes ( 1 ) Spherical or egg-shaped form ( 2 ) absence seizure of intrinsic reverberations ( 3 ) presence of a thin, smooth w a unaccompanied that is develop from the environing parenchyma and ( 4 ) sweetening of the buttocks wall, bespeaking ultrasound transmittal through the water-filled cyst3.The determination of mickle was to observe the supersonic differential diagnosing of nephritic cysts, because echography is a uniquely safe and non-invasive agencies of imaging internal anatomy. Nephritic cysts are common incidental findings on echography but may besides organize section of specific sickness procedure. Differentiation of the forms of the cystic disease is necessary for diagnosis4.Patients AND METHODSThe review was conducted in the midst of January 2007 to April 2008 at the section of Radiology and Urology, Chandka Medical College Hospital, Larkana. 100 ( characteristic or Asym ptomatic ) patients of either sex with nephritic cysts who were spy on echography were included in the survey. Along with history, physical scrutiny nephritic echography was performed to square off the site, size and figure of cysts.A nephritic ultrasound is a radiological survey of the kidneys that can look at the kidneys in cross subdivision. attitude of the patient for right kidney scanning supine, left posterior oblique, left athwart decubitus, and disposed as needed. For left kidney scanning right sidelong decubitus, pr whiz as needed. Different patient places were utilize whenever the suggested place does non give the envy consequences. Just Vision 400 ultrasound machine by Toshiba with 3.5 megahertz convex ( multi frequence ) investigation was used for kidneys scrutiny. No readying was compulsory for ultrasound scrutiny.ConsequenceFrom January 2007 to April 2008, c patients were included in the survey. 72 were staminates and 28 were females. manlike to female ratio was 2.51. Age ranges were amid 1-100 over-the-hill ages ( Table-1 ) . Of the one hundred patients 40 presented with symptoms but 60s were symptomless. Among 40 diagnostic patients the most clinical innovation associated with nephritic cyst in this survey was diabetes mellitus 10 ( 25 % ) and group AB hurting 7 ( 17.5 % ) ( Table-2 ) .Among 100 patients differential diagnosing of nephritic cyst in 89 ( 89 % ) patient honest nephritic cysts were detected, hydronephrosis in 7 ( 7 % ) , medical nephritic disease in 2 ( 2 % ) , polycystic disease in 1 ( 1 % ) , haematoma in 1 ( 1 % ) were observed ( Table-3 ) . Of the 89 patients of simple nephritic cysts 57 ( 64 % ) were cortical cysts, 4 ( 4.5 % ) medullary cysts, 22 ( 25 % ) parenchymal cysts, 4 ( 4.5 % ) Para pelvic cysts, 2 ( 2.2 % ) extra parenchymal cysts. Different sizes of simple nephritic cysts were measured ranged from 1mm to 100 millimeters, 3 ( 03.40 % ) locomote ( 01-10 ) millimeter, 25 ( 28.40 % ) travel ( 10-20 ) millimeter, 11 ( 12.50 % ) steps ( 20-30 ) millimeter, 27 ( 30.33 % ) steps ( 30-40 ) millimeter, 9 ( 10.22 % ) steps ( 40-50 ) millimeter, 5 ( 05.28 % ) steps ( 50-60 ) millimeter, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 90-100 ) millimeter and 6 ( 06.81 % ) measures variable sizes.( Fig ) . cystic standards were besides assessed through 89 patients. Along this series the most usual type of loculation in assorted nephritic cyst was uniloculated 87 ( 98 % ) and 2 ( 2 % ) were biloculated. 91 ( 91 % ) congressmans presented as one-sided simple nephritic cyst, 9 ( 9 % ) instances as reversible simple nephritic cyst and multiple cysts cabaret in figure. Internal echogenisity of simple nephritic cyst in this survey revealed there were 100 ( 100 % ) takes all features of simple nephritic cyst anechoic or echo-free with absence of internal reverberations. In 89 patients of simple nephritic cysts concomitant sonographic abnormalcies were detected. Fatty coloured were the most common backing with simpl e nephritic cyst during this survey ( 4 Patients ) . There was one instance showed benign prostate. Others each instance for nephritic rock, pleural gush, blown-up prostate secretory organ, nephritic expansion, knap down kidney size, ectopic kidney, nephritic organ transplant and angiomyolipoma ( Table-4 ) .DiscussionThis survey was carried knocked out(p) on 100 patients in whom nephritic cysts were identified sonographically, 72 % were male patients and 28 % were females. So males were more affected in our survey than females. former survey by Hanna et Al corroborate that, the distribution is equal between males and females5. In our series 89 % of instances were diagnosed as simple nephritic cyst which represent the most common differential diagnosing of nephritic cysts fall outed by, 7 % hydronephrosis, 2 % medical nephritic disease, 1 % polycystic kidney disease, 1 % haematoma. There was no instance presented with nephritic dysplasia. .Study by Yamagishi et Al confirm that, thorough critical review of household history can besides add valuable in institution. derivative instrument diagnosing should include multicystic and polycystic kidney disease and structural anomalousnesss such as matching and calyceal diverticula, tumour, abscess and haematoma may be considered, but they most credibly will hold internal reverberations. Although nephritic cysts can be seen in chromosomal abnormalcies, there are normally other anomalousnesss present6. When cystic lesion is seen in the upper pole, an adrenal beginning must besides be considered. Finally, a cystic teratoma of the retro peritoneum can be considered.The youngest patient was 3 old ages old male child with mean size of left kidney showed voiced back force per unit area alteration with good parenchymal thickness, dilated nephritic pelvic girdle and ureter down to bladder. Umbilical hernia noted with deformity at anterior group AB wall steps ( 7mm ) with enteric cringles seen go throughing through. T he eldest patient was 95 old ages old male with bilateral simple parenchymal cyst. The highest relative incidence of simple nephritic cyst in sixth and 7th decennaries of life. While the lowest incidence in 1st and second decennaries.Previous surveies confirmed that, the pathogenesis of nephritic cyst is non wholly known. Because of increasing frequence of nephritic cysts with age ( they are found in over 50 % of people over 50 old ages of age ) . It has been suggested that cyst formation is acquired- a consequence of the aging process5,7. Another theory suggests that cysts are developmental in beginning. During nephritic organogenesis, the 2nd to 4th coevals of uriniferous tubules, ensuing in cyst formation 8.Among 40 diagnostic patients the most clinical innovation associated with nephritic cyst in this survey was diabetes mellitus 10 ( 25 % ) and type AB hurting 7 ( 17.5 % ) they were more often associated with simple cyst, there were 60 patients symptomless normally associated with nephritic cysts.Previous surveies confirmed that, highlight a figure of facets refering to simple nephritic cysts. First, most instances are symptomless and are best treated cautiously by regular ultrasound follow up. Last, as the natural history of simple cyst is non known, long- term sonographic redirect examination is recommended simple cysts can be the initial manifestation of autosomal ascendant polycystic disease in a child9,10.Sonographic rating of nephritic cyst revealed that simple visual aspects were most normally seen in nephritic cysts and limited polycystic disease and haematoma.Along this series among 89 patients of simple nephritic cysts the most stalk type of loculation in assorted nephritic cyst was uniloculated 87 ( 98 % ) and 2 ( 2 % ) were biloculated.The major sonographic findings of wall thickness and regularity were thin and regular walls, that more presented in nephritic cysts.There were ( 57 of 89 ) were cortical cyst, ( 22 of 89 ) were parenchymal cyst, ( 4 of 89 ) were medullary cyst, ( 4 of 89 ) were parapelvic cyst and ( 2 of 89 ) were extraparenchymal cyst. Previous survey confirmed that, the upper pole is the most common site5.Normally the cysts are lone but may be multiple. As was seen in this survey, 91 ( 91 % ) instances presented as one-sided simple nephritic cyst, 9 ( 9 % ) instances as bilateral simple nephritic cyst and multiple cyst nine in figure. Previous survey confirmed that, the distribution is equal between right and left kidneys5.Internal echogenisity of simple nephritic cyst in this survey revealed there were ( 100 % ) takes all features of simple nephritic cyst anechoic or echo-free with absence of internal reverberations. Previous survey confirmed that, many incidental nephritic multitudes are discovered on abdominal ultrasound examinations11.When the ultrasound standards for a simple cyst are met, the likeliness of malignance is highly little. Asymptomatic patients with incidental nephritic cysts tha t meet these standards take no extra rating.Fatty liver were the most common accompaniment with simple nephritic cyst during this survey ( 4 Patients ) . There was one instance showed benign prostate. Others each instance for nephritic rock, pleural gush, enlarged prostate secretory organ, nephritic expansion, cut down kidney size, ectopic kidney, nephritic organ transplant and angiomyolipoma.Fatty liver were the more frequent listener disease in association with simple nephritic cyst were detected as an incidental sonographic happening during this survey. Previous survey confirmed that, simple nephritic cyst has controversy related to high pedigree draw and nephritic disfunction. There was ( 6 of 40 ) ( 15 % ) high blood pressure patients during this survey.Different sizes of 89 simple nephritic cysts were measured, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 01-10 ) millimeter, 25 ( 28.40 % ) steps ( 10-20 ) millimeter, 11 ( 12.50 % ) steps ( 20-30 ) millimeter, 27 ( 30.33 % ) steps ( 30-40 ) milli meter, 9 ( 10.22 % ) steps ( 40-50 ) millimeter, 5 ( 05.28 % ) steps ( 50-60 ) millimeter, 3 ( 03.40 % ) steps ( 90-100 ) millimeter and 6 ( 06.81 % ) measures variable sizes. Pervious survey confirmed that size scope from truly little to really big in diameter.By and large ultrasound detected all nephritic cysts, while CT scan used to corroborate the diagnosing and picked up of peripherally located and cystic multitudes. devil instances were aspirated under ultrasound counsel, were clear fluid.DecisionThe most common differential diagnosing of nephritic cyst is simple cortical nephritic cyst with highest incidence in 6th and 7th decennaries of life. The least common is polycystic kidney disease or haematoma.Out of this survey we believe more that ultrasound is the individual cost effectual mean in sensing of nephritic cyst.

Job Satisfaction of Teachers Essay

lead entails a number of antithetic parts and fuel come from whatever position in the instruct. The administration is the main source of loss leadership in a t all(prenominal). Generally, we associate school leadership with superintendents and principals. People in these positions be in charge of making decisions, which run the school. However, teachers undersurface also run leadership in their classroom and through activities and other extracurricular activities. Katzenmeyer and Moller (1996) consider on that point is a sleeping giant of teacher leadership that potty be a catalyst to push school reform. evening students pot provide leadership in certain situations such as an athletic police squads captain, a point guard for a basketball team, or a class officer. With the numerous places leadership preserve occur, to have candid school leadership, all tribe select to be leaveing to section responsibility and power.Lambert (1998) argues, Leadership requires the re diffusion of power and authority. This distribution of power can lead to assert between staff and administration. This assertion emerges when administrators and teachers cypher together to benefit the school. Trust comes about by principals rely the judg manpowert of teachers in the classroom and backing teachers on issues such as discipline. So that the teachers authority is not undermined, discipline essential be coherent and not show favoritism toward any student. Teachers, in turn, essential sureness that the principal impart follow through on all rules and not make exceptions for the schools star athlete or smartest student. This intrust is also part of a type of leadership theory called transformational leadership. basso (1996) says that trust is a key component of idealized influence, which incorporates faith and respect, dedication, and trust into leadership. Trust is an important aspect of leadership. With the trust between leader and follower, effectual scho ol leadership will also have excellent communication. Smith, who can be found in Bean (2000), argues that communicating and keeping people informed of changes and events is a key part of in effect(p) leadership. People mustiness discuss worrys and possible solutions with each other. By not doing this, the problems will reach out and the arrangement will fall into disarray.For mannikin, let us look at a basketball team. If the opposing team is playing man-to-man defense, it will do the offense little good to run plays designed to charge a zone defense. Here is where the coach or offensive players must talk to each other and run the correct plays. Furthermore, we see the greatness of communication from Yukl (1998). He states Leadership is about creating teamwork, collaboration, communication, and the emphasis on a total group effort. By communicating concerns, teachers can make administrators conscious of potentially school harming actions and can put a stop to these onward they go too far.One example of this would be the last calendar month of school in my school district. Due to the hot weather, students begin engage squirt guns and balloons to spray each other with water. With graduation and other higher-ranking activities to organize, the principal is not in the hallways as much as foregoing months. Therefore, the teachers need to let the principal know this is beginning so penalties can be determined and readily enforced. This can cut down on water damage of the school and the students can continue to stay pore on school. One aspect of telling leadership that needs to be communicated to all associated with the school district is the vision of where the school is and where it needs to go.Goleman (1995) argues that leader can be expected to communicate a vision tumescegenerate energy and enthusiasm regarding this vision, epitomize its meaning through the example of personal behavior, and generally inspire others to reach this vision. People ne ed to be motivated to do a job, whether in school or in the work force. Vision gives people a goal and stress giving them something to work for. Making people aware of the vision for the school will sponsor parents, students, teachers, and administrators to be on the same page and working(a) to achieve the vision together as a team. Daft (1999) states there are many pieces that visionary leadership can accomplish. These pieces acknowledge the linking of the correspond and future, encouraging commitment, providing meaning to work, encouraging imagination, and defining the destination.For example, if the vision of a sports team is to win, through strong dedication by players and coaches, winning will happen. If coaches can assist athletes see the importance of practice and teamwork, there will be chemistry and success. With the vision of moving into the future, there comes problems and opposition. Another part of good school leadership is facing these problems and figure out th em. An effective way to work to solve problems is to form a group of people to suggest solutions for whatever problems occur. An excellent model to follow is suggested by Bean (2000) and is called POLCA that is Planning, Organizing, Leading, Controlling, and Assessing.One problem a school district might face is incorporating the new papa standards for command into the curriculum. My school district is in this process and work on this is set to begin in August 2000. Our superintendent started this process by carefully planning when to work on these changes. The mathematics and English departments were contacted to help work on these standards. These teachers were organized into groups by their subject area. Outside help was brought in. These parties had knowledge writing the standards for the state and helping other schools work the standards into the curriculum.These men lead the English and mathematics groups in the writing of our curriculum to include state mandates. After draft ing standards and curriculum for the district, the work was checked for role and improvements were made. Finally, the work was assessed and determined to be useful to the district. We can see that effective leadership is not easy. It takes hard work and tolerance from many different parities. Teachers, administrators, parents, and students all play a part in good school leadership. The administrators plan for the entire district, the teachers for the classroom. Parents and students help with support and may act in limited leadership roles. Effective leaders need to be equal to distribute leadership to worthy parties and possibly divide it up to many individuals or groups.Effective leaders need to communicate and problem-solve. Having good favorable skills and having a good plan can make leadership easier and solving problems smoother. Lambert (1998) says It leadership needs to be embedded in the school union as a whole. It takes a team effort to have effective leadership in the school. We all need to work together and share the responsibility of being a leader. 1) A sense of purpose The value of an physical composition must be clear, members of the organization should know them, and they should exemplify and refer them in their own actions. 2) Justice Everyone in an organization should be held to green standards, with rules and procedures that are clear, firm, fair, and consistent.3) Temperance A leader must strive to go along a proper balance of emotions Shriver did not mean that leaders should be dispassionate. Quite the contrary- but there are time for passionate protagonism and times for quiet reflection and reconsideration. Balance is the key. 4) Respect The dignity of each individual is the concern of any leader, and this is preserved by treating all members of the organization with respect and ensuring they treat one-another similarly, regardless of differences. 5) Empowerment Leaders are salutary that- leaders. Most of what happens in organiza tions is carried out by individuals other than those in courtly leadership positions. Therefore, the more skilled they are, the more they feel confident in their abilities and competent to make decisions, raise questions, see new possibilities, and disagree respectfully with others at all levels of the organizational hierarchy, the stronger and more successful the organization will be.6) Courage Leaders are paid to set direction, not seem for direction to emerge. They have to be willing to follow their convictions and bring their organization to new places. In education, this is most sorely needed in rejoinder to the test-based regimen that has taken over our schools at the expense of true education and social-emotional and character development. 7) Deep Commitment Leaders must not be polishing their resumes, but rather should have deep commitment to their organizations, the increase of the organizations missions, and the wellbeing of everyone in them.It is this deep commitment that makes leadership in schools so challenging, because it requires a commitment to every employee, student, and parent. The performance of a leader must be judged by his or her skills and the character of his or her performance in the many and complex roles that leadership demands. Using the seven cornerstones of leading with character, derived from the sustenance and work of Sargent Shriver, educators and those concerned with education have a tool for both evaluating and improving leadership competencies along both moral and performance dimensions.

The Importance of Literature to Humanity

Literature speaks the row of the caprice, and the study of literature is supposed to train and improve the mood (Frye 134). concord to Northrop Frye the imagination is the combination between emotions and intellect in e very(prenominal) undivided. The to a greater extent an individual is exposed to literature the relegate that person is at expanding their imagination, which he calls the en light-headedened imagination. Having an educated imagination helps unrivaled to think for themselves and create their ingest ideas and opinions. The educated imagination is a necessity of life in a political world, the study of literature is not an elegant accomplishment nevertheless a means of entry into a free confederacy (Frye 147). With an educated imagination one is subject to distinguish between moral and aesthetical truth, this is extremely important when it comes to politics. Politicians or simply people in a higher authority often physical exertion ornateness language to alt er and adeptwash people with lies.In the novel Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury shows the disconfirming effects rhetoric language female genital organ have on those with an ill-informed imagination and that without literature society produces a world filled with ignorance. The absence seizure of books in Fahrenheit 451 creates lousiness at bottom the society. In literature darkness is a symbol of ignorance, evil, falsehood, oblivion, despair and the unk straightwayn. Light on the other get hold of represents goodness, life, knowledge, fame and hope. During the entire novel the author constantly re new-mades to darkness and night, In the late afternoon it rained and the entire world was dark and grey (Bradbury19).Books represent light it provides people with knowledge, exposes truths and educates the mind. In this society books argon illegal and the job of a fire worldly concern is to burn any house that contains books in it. due(p) to the tan of these books there is a require ment of light in this society, just give out darkness. Because of the ignorance within the civilization the politicians argon able to manipulate and convince the universe of discourse that books and every intimacy else that causes one to think is evil. This way they ar able to easily cast and lead the people.Those that have been exposed to books realize that they be living in darkness and that their only way to get out of the darkness is through and through books, Maybe these books can get us half out the countermine (Bradbury 74). All the darkness within the society has blinded the people into cosmos unaware as to what is going on around them. The universe is unconsciously being judgmentwashed and forced to conform without even knowing it. We mustiness all be alike. Not everyone born free and equal, as the reputation says, precisely everyone made equal (Bradbury 58).Watching television became the major electric switch for literature. This is because watching television does not require one to think alone influences their thoughts which later influences their actions. The subconscious believes television is real. Watching television physically regaining the brain and reduces intelligence. It also switches brain activity from the left side of the brain which is responsible for logic and critical analysis to the right side of the brain that is responsible for emotional responses.This allows each viewer to be heavily influenced and brainwash by what they see and hear on TV. By restricting the population from literature and replacing it with televisions, they are decreasing the intelligence within the population making it easier to have full control over the society. Without the education one receives from books these people are simply sheep in a herd hobby their Sheppard. The man who does not discover books has no advantage over the man that cannot read them Mark Twain. The society is terrified of being inferior to those who read and understand. All books have meaning. Reading gives people time to think and recoil on not only the text, but their lives as well, So now do you see why books are hated and feared? They show the pores in the face of life (83), books reveal the truth about the world. By keen books the firemen are destroying knowledge and promoting ignorance. This is the reason for all the ignorance and darkness within the society. Due to the lack of literature the people have an uneducated imagination and are therefore unable to see past the governments use of rhetoric. the first thing our imaginations have to do for us, as soon as we can divvy up words well enough to read and write and talk, is to fight to encourage us from falling into the illusions that society threatens us with (Frye 60). Those who are caught reading books are exterminated or taken away to reduce the chances of them spreading their information to others. Those that read are smarter and are seen as a threat to society.These individuals are able to see past societys use of rhetoric, We can see here how the ordinary use of hetoric, which attempts to make society presentable, is bonny hypocritical and disguising the reality it presents beyond the level of social safety (Frye 61). The rhetoric use of language in this society is to persuade the population into believe that being intellectual is a sin, and books are the cause of this sin, So A book is a loaded gun in the house undermentioned door. Burn it. Take the shot from the weapon. Breach mans mind. Who knows who might be the maneuver of the well read man? Me? (Bradbury 58). Those that did read were able to oppose the use of eloquence.Clarisse was considered abnormal and a threat because she thought about things and often asked why, She didnt want to know how a thing was done, but why. That can be embarrassing. You ask why to a lot of things and you wind up very unhappy indeed, if you keep at it. The poor girls better off dead (Bradbury 60). Once again rhetoric la nguage is utilize to justify the death of Clarisse and criticize the use of imagination. The main character Montag is a fireman who also reads books and is smart enough to see the flaws in his society. For this he is considered a burden and wanted by police.Those that read are able to see that there is more to life than pleasure and titillation. Forgive a child who is afraid of the dark, the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light -Plato. The people in this novel are afraid of the light. They are afraid of literature and the truth, knowledge, and all goodness that comes with it. Due to the lack of literature in this society, the population is ignorant and unable to think individually. Because of the ignorance within the population the government has full control over their lives.Each individual deserves the right to live imaginative and free lives. The fundamental job of the imagination in ordinary life, then, is to produce, out of the society we have to live in, a vision of the society we want to live in (Frye 60). Without literature the imagination becomes limited and people are unable to vision the society they want to live in. As the world becomes more modern and grows further, away from literature, society beings to look more like Fahrenheit 451 where citizens are nothing but a sheep in a herd.

Gender Discrimination Essay

sex activity contrariety is an authorized reduce in the work go forth in todays world. Female employees be facing sex activity dissimilarity in the form of assorted diwork forcesions. This dissimilarity is disturbing their coifance. The main aim of this see is to see the effect of these sex activity dissimilarity dimensions which include film over jacket crown, remuneration bedspread and variation in facilities on the productiveness of distaff employees with the mediating effect of cheat allegiance and line of work delight. The research is foc utilise on the confidential learning sector. The population frame up is the egg-producing(prenominal)t from each iodineers in the toffee-nosed education institutes. A precedent of bingle hundred thirty female teachers is self- get winded for this claim.The framework is create for our culture for checking the jounce of applesauce chapiter, net income gap and inconsistency in facilities on the product ivity of female employees. The hypotheses atomic number 18 substantial and after the selective education analysis some of the meditation be rejected and some of the possible action ar non rejected. The hypotheses that the glass pileus, dissimilarity in facilities and fee gap has forbid impact on employee productivity is accepted which made us to conclude that these disagreement has a greathearted impact on employee productivity and ultimately plaqueal performance.This con exit give some guidelines to the managers and policy makers in all brass section that how to reduce these contrasts. Key linguistic process sex favoritism, Glass ceiling, Employee productivity, salary gap, divergence in facilities, profession merriment, hypothesize commitment, penning type inquiry Paper1. Introduction1.1 Signifi more(prenominal)overtce/Rationales of guinea pigThe study came up with the solutions to the problem of sexual practice secretion at work place. This stu dy pull up stakesing help the state to be awargon of this authoritarian problem of sex activity unlikeness and its reasons. This study groundwork alike identify the positive and negative effects of inconsistency on the world of business and personal lives of people. gender disparity is a wide phenomenon which is affecting each political, friendly and economic life. In this while where e precisevirtuoso ideate that on that point should be equal rights for men and women, there ar some extendrences of people who are creation discriminated because of their gender. It is non an issue, which one tin easily tolerate or ignore.Gender discrimination is understood as the unequal treatment against people of either sex, but statistics lay outs that women are the one who are more discriminated just being a female (Lila Adhikari, 2008). Gender issues were first pointed out in 1950s, but its been highlighted in memorial tabulariset and counseling studies in amid 1980 s and 1990s. In this duration galore(postnominal) studies on effect of gender discrimination on employees were conducted. One study shows that gender discrimination is inversely proportional to play commitment and rapture which performer it reduces the employees productivity which ultimately affectsthe organisational productivity (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011). more factors have been identified which are responsible for gender discrimination in work place, which are education, promotion, marriage and child bearing and environment. If we tactile property in context of promotion, a wide practice used is glass ceiling, a process by which women are not promoted to high direct of demarcations (Bell, 2002). bear year report issued by a commission of glass ceiling that shows that there are only 7 to 9 portion of managers that are in senior positions are women at fortune 1000 (kom and catalyst, 2012). 81 % employers dis analogous to hire a female. 49 % not carefully grooming their car eers to benefit women and higher up of all a survey tells that only 1 percent CEOs or even little than 1 percent unsay it as first concern, the development of women (Mauricio, 2012). 1.2 Problem StatementHRM in any organization is link to staffing, motivating and maintaining the organization (Decenzo, 1998). 50 years ago, referable to homogeneity of work force the HRM was very simple, but now-a-days the workforce is heterogeneous. Managing this heterogeneousness required such a staff that can create an true environment so that no group has any kind of emolument or disadvantage on other(a) group (Wayne, 1995). Heterogeneity in workplace gave birth to gender discrimination, which has become an intense situation in Pakistan and affecting the employees productivity (Qaiser Abbas, 2011).An employee perform difficult tasks for the survival and feeler of organization but gender discrimination reduces the employees satisfaction, commitment and ecstasy and make ups the stress le vel which ultimately affects the productivity of an employee (Zahid Ali Channar, 2011). These studies did not discuss that how dimensions of gender discrimination effect the productivity of employee. The dimensions of gender discrimination include discrimination in promotions, discrimination in salary and discrimination in facilities provided. So there is a need to explore the effect of different dimensions of gender discrimination on the productivity of employee.1.3 Aim of the studyThis study investigates that how different dimensions of gender discrimination effect the employee productivity. It would be helpful for any organization in the process of policy making which impart ultimately development the productivity of an organization. 1.4 Research Objectives1) To identify that whether gender discrimination has an effect on productivity of employees in private educational institutes. 2) To explore how the productivity of employees is alter by gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities provided in private educational institutes. 3) To examine the issuances of the survey.4) To recommend some reformed measures to the policy makers for the future. 1.5 Research Questions1) What is social intercourse amidst the employee productivity and gender discrimination? 2) What is effect of gender discrimination in promotion, salary and facilities on the performance of an employee?2. Literature check outThis literature view is based on the evaluation of gender discrimination on employees productivity. The gender discrimination now make it virtually of the organization around the world. Gender discrimination may exist in different dimensions like discrimination in promotions, facilities and Salaries. In simple words gender discrimination can be defined as the inequi control board treatment or behavior based on gender. It is said to occur when an individuals decision is based on gender. Gender discrimination was attempted to define by no law. If we look in the horizon of utilisation, it is giving more advantage to a particular group (Wayne, 1995). This issue results in the decreased productivity of employees. 2.1 Gender Discrimination in world(a) PerspectiveThe first form of discrimination was found by the universal proposition declaration of human rights (1948). Gender discrimination is now a social disease which is destroying the lives of women around the world. Sen (1991) shows us that if equal treatment and opport unit of measurementies were given so there should be more 100 million females than are concisely alive. Many steps were taken to eliminate the gender discrimination but none of them was proved to be effective. The Beijing conference that documented 12 most prominent areas of discrimination was a big step in eliminating the gender discrimination (UNFPA, 2005). It is proved from the studies that gender discrimination has an influence on the employee productivity. A study shows that if there is a proper policy of g ender discrimination there pull up stakes be a change in employees productivity (Naqi Abbas, 2010).2.2 Glass CeilingWomen in workplace seem a wide practice called glass ceiling. This is a practice in which women are ignored when making a promotion policy or promoting an employee. We can see that in every organization the executive posts are held by males. harmonize to a study only 3 percent of the most paid executives are female and these posts are disproportionately held by men (Healy and Zukka, 2004).Women are mostly entrusted in small projects not the big one. They are being kept deprived from international assignment which is property away from their promotions. Nick (1991) had conducted the study on international careers of women. His study all the way shows that there is a glass ceiling effect. Women are not being encouraged to do new projects on new markets and they are being kept at junior manager positions. Gender discrimination is not directly cerebrate to productivi ty.The semblance of employee productivity and gender discrimination is talk terms by affair satisfaction and byplay commitment. Employees who faces policies and practices of gender discrimination show less satisfaction with their commerce (Ensher et al, 2001). When individuals face gender discrimination in workplace they show a busted level of hypothecate commitment so gender discrimination has a negative relation with pedigree commitment and agate line satisfaction (Sharon Foley, 2005). Gender discrimination creates tension and reduces the satisfaction of people and it is the study of 139 Hispanic male and female (Sanchez, 1996).The productivity of a happy worker is high than an unhappy worker (Rabins, 1999,). Employee satisfaction plays a vital role in its productivity and there is a pregnant relation of air satisfaction with employee productivity (Pushpakumari, 2008). railway line satisfaction antecede to organizational responsibility, mental health and finally emp loyee productivity (Coomber, 2007).Another study shows us that the organizations who perceive greater gender discrimination report less satisfaction and commitment (Ellen A. Ensher, 2001). The hypotheses are given downstairs 1) Glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Glass ceiling is negatively relate with employee productivity. 3) crinkle expiation is positively related with employee productivity. 4) Job satisfaction mediates the relation between gender discrimination in promotions and employee productivity. 2.3 Discrimination in facilitiesIn a workplace an employee is provided with many facilities which helps them to everlasting(a) their task which include computers, crease conditioners, assistant and transport facilities etc. If on a work place if such kind of facilities are provided to a male employee and not provided to a female employee of a alike(p) post. The female employee will start to think that the upper management dont care about them which will increase their stress level and the satisfaction level of that employee cold be decreased which will affect the employees productivity. The hypotheses are given be meek 1) Gender discrimination in facilities has negative impact on employee productivity. 2) Gender discrimination in facilities is negatively related with job satisfaction. 3) Job Satisfaction mediates the relationship between gender discrimination in facilities and employee productivity.2.4 hire crackingAnother dimension of discrimination is the Salary gap. Women usually get low pay wherefore men in any job they are appointed. Ashraf and Ashraf (1993) study shows that there is a gap of 63.27 percent in salary in 1979, and in 1986 it decreases to 33.09 percent. This was the decline in every province. Discrimination is not the phenomenon of one or two countries, it exist in most of the developed countries like USA. A study showed that women dietitians in USA earn 45,258 dollars per year while men earn 50,250 doll ars per year (Pollard, 2007). Managers at top level in organization mostly prefer their own kindle quite an than others.They think that superiors who have power on their careers will support them. According to Susan et al (1998) mostly top managers in any organization are the people who are more biased against females and these people save interest of their own. The study shows that job commitment is fundamental related with productivity, there exist high degree of correlation between commitment and productivity. Individuals that are exceedingly committed proved to be more productive and have higher satisfaction and have no intention to leave the job quite than employee with low job commitment (Varsha, 2012). The hypotheses are given below 1) Salary gap has negative impact on employee productivity.2) Salary gap is negatively related with job commitment3) Job Commitment is positively related with employee productivity 4) Job Commitment mediates the relation between salary gap a nd employee productivity.2.5 Gender discrimination in PakistanPakistan is also one of the countries where gender discrimination is seen in most of the organizations. We all know Pakistan is a male dominating society and women are being treated unfairly in every field of profession. Gender discrimination has spread its root from public organizations to private organizations. Women are being kept at low level jobs and they are not promoted to high posts due to biasness of top level managers and policy makers. A study by Ghizala Kazi (2011) shows us that no women in the public organizations are in the scale of 20 or more. in that location are very few women above scale 15. Most of the women are under fifteenth scale, which shows the situation of discrimination in Pakistan. Many factors for this situation were identified like education, promotion, environment, child bearing and discrimination. If such kinds of discrimination is eliminated than the productivity of these women employees c ould be increased. There are evidences that the promotion of gender equality leads to a better performance and improved scrimping of concerned society.The societies who have greater female employment opportunities are less corrupt and have better governance (Klasen, 2006). This is not the end of discriminations in Pakistan. A women employee is also discriminated in Salary, which is a underlying right of an employee that he should get compensated according to his work and post. In Pakistan you will see men and women working on same job level but different pay. In the report of poverty in Pakistan it is clearly proved that majority of women are concentrated in low paid jobs with very few opportunity for moving upward (Shah et al, 2004).If we look in the export industries of Pakistan which is a backbone in measurement of economy of Pakistan we will see the similar situation of discrimination. The study of Siddique (2006) surveyed the industries of export that are in Karachi, Sialkot and Faisalabad. The results from this study confirms the gender discrimination and shows that men were getting 20 percent more than wherefore women working at the same post. It was also concluded that adjustment policies and change in labor market has a negative impact on females. To have maximum output from women employee the organizational culture of discrimination should be changed. organizational culture affects the performance of employee. Organizational environment and culture can make the workplace attractive and substantiating for a female employee. Attitudes of peers and support from family are also very noteworthy for the female employee (Irfan, 2009). Many studies have discussed the gender discrimination as a general term but there is need to explore the discrimination in different dimensions and how these dimensions affect the productivity of employees. Gender discrimination has ternary dimensions which include discrimination in promotions, salary and facilities prov ided. So this study will be based on exploring the effect of dimensions of gender discrimination on productivity of employees.3. Conceptual frameworkIn the literature review of this field the framework has been defined which show the relationship between the variables.Correlation is essentially run to analyze the relationship between two or more variable. It also measure that how two variables move in relation to each other. It measures the strength and flush of linear relationship between two variables with rate to each other. The sign of the prise shows the direction that whether it is negative or positive. confirmative sign shows that the variables are moving in same direction meat if one variable is increase the other variable is also increasing and negative sign shows that if one variable is increasing then other variable is decreasing.The magnitude shows the intensity between variable. If the value is between 0.1 and 0.5 then the variables are weakly correlated. If the value is between 0.5 and 0.7 then the variables are sanely correlated. If the value is between 0.7 and 0.99 then the variables are strongly correlated. The value 1 shows the perfect correlation between variables. Table 5 shows the intensity and the direction of any two variables. Highest value of correlation is 0.753 which is between gender discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling. So the correlation between discrimination in facilities and glass ceiling is positive and strongly correlated.The relationship between DF and EP, and DF and JS, and JC and SG is negative. So it means that if you have more salary gap than your commitment to job will be less but its value is less than any else two variables, so we can say that job commitment will be less but with very small value, and if you have more discrimination in facilities then your productivity will be less. The quell variables have positive relation with each other. The relationship is significant at 1% which means there a re 99% chances that the relationship between all two variables will remain the same if the sample is changes and sample size and population remains same as shown in the circuit board given below.5.7 RegressionThis research is to check the effect of gender discrimination dimensions which are glass ceiling, salary gap and discrimination in facilities on the employee productivity. This research also includes two mediating variables job satisfaction and job commitment. Job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity and also discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. Job commitment is mediating between salary gap and employee productivity. For this 9 possibility were developed. For the think of checking the impact regression has been employ.The model has only one dependent variable so there will be one model of regression equating. There will be separate equation for mediating variable to check the mediating effect of variables between inde pendent and dependent variable. In first model we run the regression equation between EP, GC, DF, SG, JC and Job satisfaction. 5.7.1 Regression EquationEP = 4.66 0.38GC 0.86DF 0.26SG + 0.017JC + 0.167JSThe Above equation shows that if all the other variables remain unchanged or have value of zero then the productivity of employee remains at 14.66. It is the fixed value of employee productivity. The coefficient set tell the per unit change in the employee productivity so if we increase the value of GC, SG and DF then the value of employee productivity will decrease by 0.38, 0.86 and 0.26 respectively. If the value of job commitment increases by one then the value of employee productivity will increase by 0.017. The hypotheses of glass ceiling, discrimination in facilities and job satisfaction are accepted. If the value of job satisfaction is increased then the value of employee productivity will increase by 5.10 Kruskal Wallis TestThe non-parametric discharge will be used that i s kruskal-Wallis canvas. Whenever the supposal of levene running play is not fulfilled the non-parametric test i.e. kruskal-Wallis test is used. So kruskal-Wallis test is applied to check the level of job commitment in the females who are earning less than 30,000 between 30,000 and 40,000 and more than 40,000. The table given below shows that the asymptotic value is greater than 0.05so test is insignificant. So there is no difference in the average of glass ceiling in all cardinal populations. So we can conclude that there is no significant difference between the mean of all three population p = 0.509, with a mean rank of 73.45 for below 30,000, 65.20 for 30,000 to 40,000 and 73.00 for above 40,000.6. DiscussionThis study is conducted to check the impact of gender discrimination on the productivity of employees. The study included three dimensions of gender discrimination that is discrimination in promotions, discrimination in facilities and discrimination in salary. With the hel p of antecedent studies it is found that all these discriminations have negative impact on employee productivity which is mention in literature view. The hypotheses were developed for this study. There are 12 hypotheses that are developed. First theory is that glass ceiling has negative impact on employee productivity.This theory is checked after entering the data into SPSS. He results show that glass ceiling does have negative impact on employee productivity. If women are not being promoted to higher job positions and if there is no such policies related to gender discrimination then the productivity of female employee decreases. Second hypothesis was that the glass ceiling is negatively related with job satisfaction. this hypothesis is checked with the correlation. The table 5 of correlation clearly shows that glass ceiling is negatively related with the job satisfaction and result is also significant so this hypothesis is supported.Third hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is positively related with the employee productivity. The table of correlation shows the positive relation between the two variables. So employee productivity increases as the job satisfactions continues to increase and if job satisfaction decreases the employee productivity also decreases. Fourth hypothesis is that the job satisfaction is mediating between glass ceiling and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked through the mediation test which consists of four steps. This test did not support the hypothesis so this hypothesis is rejected.Fifth hypothesis is that the discrimination in facilities has negative impact on the employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by regression. Discrimination in facilities has the negative impact on the employee productivity and it is also significant. So this hypothesis is also supported. The sixth hypothesis is that discrimination in facilities is negatively related with the job satisfaction. This hypothesis is supported becaus e the correlation between them is negative in the table 5. So the discrimination in facilities increases then the satisfaction with the job decreases.The next hypothesis is that the job satisfaction plays the mediating role between the discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. This hypothesis is also checked by the mediation test the result is shown in the table 8 which shows that this hypothesis is not supported. It means that job satisfaction is not mediating between discrimination in facilities and employee productivity. The eights hypothesis that was developed is that salary gap has negative impact on the employee productivity. The hypothesis is not supported as it is checked by regression test which is shown in the table 6. It has negative impact but it is not significant means that if gap is more in salary then employee productivity decreases but not significantly. The ninth hypothesis is that salary gap is negatively related with job commitment.The hypothesis is checked with the correlation which is shown in the table 5 of correlation which shows that the relation between these two variables is negative. So salary gap reduces the job commitment of female employees. The next hypothesis that is developed is that the job commitment is positively related with the employee productivity. The relation is checked with the correlation and hypothesis is supported because results show that there is positive relation between salary gap and job commitment and it issignificant. It means more job commitment the more employee productivity. The next hypothesis is that job commitment liaise the relation between the salary gap and employee productivity. This hypothesis is checked by the mediation test and it is not supported. The results show that job commitment does not play a mediating role between salary gap and employee productivity.The t test is also applied to check that whether the level of variables is also applicable on the population. The results are shown in the table 9. This table shows that all the values of p are significant so the level is also the same as the population. The level of job commitment is also checked in the three population related to different income groups that is below 30,000, 30,000-40,000 and more than 40,000.For this purpose the ANOVA is applied but for ANOVA the assumption of levene test should be fulfilled that is its value should be insignificant. The table 10 shows that levene test assumption is not fulfilled so the non-parametric test is used. The non-parametric test is the Kruskal-Willis test. This test is applied and the hypothesis is rejected as its asymptotic value is not significant. So it means that the there is no significant difference between the job commitment of females who are earning less than 30000, 30000-40000 and more than 40000.7. ImplicationThrough this study the impact of gender discrimination is checked on the employee productivity. The productivity of an employee is often important for an organization. So the management should consider the issue of gender discrimination as it is shown that the gender discrimination has negative impact on the employee productivity. As our sector for this research is the private education institutes which are very important sector for a developing countries so the management should consider reforming its policies. The management should make transparent, merit based recruitment and selection, it should also provide the learning for better performance of female employee so that they can be promoted, they could be provided similarly facilities and different incentive so that they compete economically with the men as all these discriminations are effecting their productivity. 8. LimitationThis study was only focused to the three dimensions of gender discriminationand employee productivity is the only variable that is careful that effect the productivity of organization. This research was only examining the education sect or and the data was collected only from private institutions. The data was also 140 and it was collected only from the schools that are in the city area the educations institutes in the village was not collected so therefore the ability of generalizability of our findings were restricted and this can lead us to the biasness of respondents (Paul et al., 2003).9. ConclusionThis study provided an insight that how the dimensions of gender discrimination affect the productivity of employee. The data has been collected from different private education institutes through questionnaire. After the analysis that we have done on SPSS we can conclude that gender discrimination has a negative impact on the employee productivity which ultimately affect the performance of employee. The result of impact of salary gap on the employee productivity is not significant. So if the organizations want to perform well then they should keep the gender discrimination out of their organizations in order to mak e their female employees perform well which will be beneficial for the organization.10. ReferencesChannar, Z. A. (2011). Gender Discrimination in Workforce and its Impact. Pak. J. Commer. Soc. Sci, Vol. 5, pp. 177-191. Dixit, V. (2012). A say about Employee Commitment and its impact. European ledger of Business and Social Sciences, Vol. 1, pp. 34-51. Abbas, S. M. (2010). Gender Based hire Discrimination and Its Impact on Performance of spicy Collar Workers Evidence. KASBIT Business journal, Vol. 3, pp. 45-63. Hiau, Joo. Kee. (2008) Glass ceiling or sticky al-Qaida exploring the Australian gender pay gap.The Economic Record, Vol. 82, No.59, pp. 408-427. Foley, S. (2005). Perceptions of Discrimination and Justice are there Gender Differences in Outcomes? Group & Organization Management, Vol. 30, pp. 421-452. Ashraf, J, and B. Ashraf (1993) Estimating the Gender Wage Gap in Rawalpindi City. Journal of Development Studies 292. Ensher, E. A., Grant-Vallone, E. J., & Donalson, S. I. (2001). Effects of perceive discrimination on job satisfaction,organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, and grievances. Human mental imagery Development Quarterly, Vol. 12, pp. 53-72. Prudence Pollard, Maxine Taylor and Noba Daher, Health Care Manager Jan-Mar2007, Vol. 26 step forward 1, p52-63, 12p, 4 charts Ensher, E. A. (2011).Effects of Perceived discrimination on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour and grievances. Human resource development quarterly, Vol. 1. Coomber B, Barriball KL. 2007Impact of job satisfactions on intent to leave and turnover for hospital based nurses a review of the research literature, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 44, pp. 297-314. Joanne Healy and Zucca J. Linda Mid-American Journal of Business Spring2004, Vol. 19 Issue 1, pp. 55-62. Sen, Amartya, 1999, Assessing Human Development Special piece Human Development Report 1999 (New York UNDP). Shah, Parveen. Memon, Ra jab. A. (2004). Socio-economic and demographic status of rural women in Sindh.Proceedings of the international conference on social sciences endangered and engendered, Fatima Jinnah women university, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, pp. 98-113. Nick, Foster. (1999) some other glass ceiling? The experiences of women professionals and managers on international assignments, Gender, Work and Organization, Blackwell publishers ltd., Vol. 6, no. 2, pp.79-89.United Nation Population Fund (UNFPA), 2004, Programme of follow up Adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development, capital of Egypt 1994 Wayne, F. Casico, (1995) Managing Human Resource, productivity, Quality of work life, Profits, McGraw hill Internationals, 4th ed. pp. 61-116. Susan, Trentham. Laurie, Larwood, (1998) Gender discrimination and the workplace an examination of rational bias theory, Sex Roles A Journal of Research, Jan, 1998, pp. 1-22. Sanchez, J. I., & Brock, P. (1996). Outcomes of perceived discriminati on among Hispanic employees Is diversity management a sumptuosity or a necessity? Academy of Management Journal, 39 (3), 704719.11. AppendicesQuestionnaire We are students of B.sc (Hons) Accounting & Finance, currently doing a research project on gender discrimination and its Impact on employees performancefor which the questionnaire is being distributed to collect empirical data. Therefore you are kindly requested to fill this questionnaire. The information will be kept confidential and will be used for only academic Purpose it will take 15-20 min to complete the data. Thank you in anticipation (Strongly Disagree = 1, Strongly Agree = 5) Employee Productivity