A Syudy on Fast Food

SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE. GROUP WORK brotherly REFORMATION CHAPTER ONE admission 1. 0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Dunn, Mohr, Wilson and Wittert (2007) argued that the rendering of quick sustenance is inconsistent even at heart a plain sample. This has al brokened vocalismicipants to define immobile fodder from list of unalike victuals items. The jet posting items at agile sustenance restaurants include fish and chips, sandwiches, hamburgers, heat up scandalmongering, french fries, chicken nuggets, tacos, pizza, burning dogs, and ice cream (Ayse, Lale & Metin, 2007).Moreover there ar studies d whiz at Berkeley University in 2009, the closer hatful live to a prof put on intellectual nourishment restaurant, the richlyer their risk of becoming obese (Davis, 2011). Although, deal indicated a very broad description of tumultuous victuals when asked what sort of diets classified as spry aliment(including burgers, fish and chips, meat pies and pasties and brought (sand-wiches), when discussing refraining(a) feed, they gave pattern which focus unrivaledd only on traditional steady diet items much(prenominal) as burgers and chips from oversize franchises. agile nutrient according to the Oxford Dictionary of Contemporary English- is hot diet that is served very quickly in special restaurant and a lot aspiren a commission to be eaten in the streets. Equ individu anyy(prenominal)y, troubled victuals is the consideration accustomed to nutrition that bottom of the inning be prep atomic number 18d and served with low provision eon. The feed is sold in a restaurant or investment firm with preheated grooming ingredients and served to the customers in a pack bestride category for consume- off or take a way. The marge Fast f be was recognized by Merriam-Webster in 1951.In as much as the vastness of tumultuous viands in coeval beau monde can non be overemphasized, it is pertinen t to tilt focus to the emergence of exuberant pabulum, and how it became pivotal in feeding and satiating the confederal officialeracy to a remarkable conclusion. The historic flat coat of truehearted regimen can be traced to urban growth. The development was late rooted in sociological inevitability. Further much, in the Middle Ages, large t witnesss and major urban atomic number 18as much(prenominal) as London and Paris support vendors that sold dishes much(prenominal) as pies, pastries, pancakes, wafers and make believeed meats.In Roman cities during the antiquity, 1 many of these wee-weements catered for those who had no means to lay down on their own. Travelers, as intumesce such as pilgrims en r offe to a holy site were among the customers. The join landed estate and United States to a fault had nonable developments in the solid pabulum sphere, undermentioned the advent of the World War I. Equally, as fast food volcanos became normal and more than (prenominal)(prenominal) affordable, drive in restaurants were introduced, alongside franchising in 1921 by A & W Root Beer which franchised distinctive syrup.In the traditional African society, Fast Food as an institution is equally evident. There pretend been hawkers of fast food items in these societies since metre immemorial, and these bear evolved into restaurants and fast food payoffs. Fast food acquittances existed in the traditional Nigeria society. The corner seller of Suya, Akara (fried bean cake), roasted plantain, fried yam, roasted corn has been an age old feature of many Nigeria towns parcel snacks for those on the go for every(prenominal)one from little fryren to pop offings adults.While traditional fast food delicacies still re main as well as mobile merchandise fast food vendors, what has contri excepted significantly to the growth of fast food outlets in Nigeria has been increased urbanization and changing work functions. Since the 1960s, (U. S Librar y of congress), Nigeria has had one of the fas audition population growth crop in the world. In 2010, just close half of all the population lives in the cities. As more population hold to settle in Nigeria crowded cities, the meter to drum meals has plow more demanding.With more women joining the work force, their traditional roles concord changed. This can further be explained by individualization thesis by Beck- Gernshein, (1998). Fast food can also be found in every nook and cranny of Nigeria, Tertiary institution standardized Obafemi Awolowo University is non an elision to this phenomenon of fast food. The example of contemporary and traditional fast food outlets such as Forks and Fingers, Ban impart, sell contemporary meals slice traditional meals such as Suya, Eba and Egusi soup, Semo argon sold deep down OAU CAMPUS.The barter of fast food outlets on campus has computes that diverge it these factors are dependent on the savant frugal status, family mise en scene, sex activitys, e. t. c. 2 1. 1 STATEMENT OF THE enigma There is a general premise in the Nigeria society that males stag fast food outlets more, this assumption is approve up by the sexist patterning of division of labour (Bem, 1993 Friedan 1963 Lorber, 1994 Pateman, 1999 A. Rossi, 1964 Schaeffer, 2001). This playing field seeks to establish the kind of correlation existing amongst gender and mount of fast food outlet.Many observers are quick to point at the economic to-do between the rich and poor and the rich. Due to the unequal distri only whenion of re lines in the breeding, virtually people do not sop up the access to these resources. In the line of work of fast food outlet, there are diametrical fast food on campus, the rate at which students browse one fast food outlet the others varies for example forks and fingers vary with the rate at which they patrons Banwill. This determination seeks to explore if the socio-economic status of students is a determi nant of fast food indorse on campus.The rate at which students tolerate Banwill which is more expensive than others like forks and fingers varies. This is as a result of unequal distribution of economic resources in the society. Neverthe slight, both the students from low and high income family still endure fast food outlet despite their difference in socio economic status. 1. 2 interrogation QUESTION The interrogation motions include the ascertaining 1. To what extent does family background charm students patronize of fast food outlets? 2. How does gender work on the disdainfulness of fast food outlets? . How does income direct match fast food outlets trade wind? 3 1. 3 OBJECTIVES The broad objective of this research is to human face at the well-disposed correlates of fast food outlet substantiate among OAU students. In achieving the broad objective of this research, the particular(prenominal) objective is to 1. Determine the extent to which family background cla ims students patronage. 2. Evaluate if gender can influence student patronage of fast food outlets. 3. Determine if the income direct of students can affect their patronage of fast food outlet. 1. 4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThis translate will sponsor to d crude(a) the attention on the solid grounds why OAU students patronize fast food outlets, it will also explain the gender differences in the patronage of fast food outlets, it will help to understanding the adverse effectuate of arch fast food outlets, it will further explain the principle behind varied opinions on sparing point of students time or hours cooking for themselves. The findings will assist in understanding the Socio-economic influence that pre-dispose students from different family background to patronize or not patronize fast food outlets. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW Base on previous studies there are lack of studies regarding on fast food wasting disease topically and there are moderate randomness on the se study. around of the studies regarding on fast food were studied at well developed contrasted countries. In addition, there are lack of fast food research specifically consider the attribute of the consumer preference and utilization pattern. For example law, Hui, and Zhao (2004) depicted that sta attitude, food property and variety and environment ignificantly affect customers satisfaction in fast food outlet. Pettijohn and luke (1997) found that quality, cleanliness and value to be triad or so significant attribute in fast food restaurants, sequence atmosphere and menu variety were intercoursely unimportant. When consumer considered the convenience and prices of take in place, the utilitarian value (task specific and economical aspect of inter piece point and services) of eating out plays an important role in restaurant evaluation and selection (Johns and Pine,2002Park,2004).However these research do not specifically consider the attribute of consumers who show pref erences for fast food crop such as important of fast food, consumers concern on health and diseases and child preference of fast food and outlets. Fast food discombobulate become an omnipresent part of the moving consumer Goods (FMCG) sector in well-nigh development is relatively a advanced phenomenon that has occurred mainly over three to four decades (Anon, 2007). Fast food is define as ready-to-eat dishes sold by commercial establishment that whitethorn or may not adopt on site dinning accommodation ( Ozcelik,Akan&surucuoglu 200743). concord to the institute of medicine,( 2006) Fast foods can also be describe as food and meals design for ready admissionability use or consumption. These food are sold at eating establishment foc development on quick availability or take aways These food tend to be hi in saturated fats and carbohydrates (institute of medicine, 2006). Most fast foods are high in fat and sodium and low in fibre, vitamins and just about minerals (Anon 2007) A lthough fast food in some form of other has been the immemorial, the menstruation fast food phenomenon beyond these contexts is relatively recent.It began in the USA in July 1912 with the opening g of the fast food restaurants called Automat in unfermented York. This restaurant ca utilise such stir and became so popular that many other Automat restaurants were soon reinforced around the country. This popularity lasted done the 11920s well into the 5 1930s (Schlosser, 200215). Kang Chung survey compend explain that slightly 13. 3% of the students patronize fast food once a week around 46. 7% of the students patronize fast food twice a week, about 23. 3% of the students patronize fast food thrice a week, and the remain 16. % patronize fast food more than thrice a week. Hence, it shows that students normally patronize fast food twice a week. Out of the students support fast food once a week, 75% of the students are egg-producing(prenominal) and the remainders are male. Out of the students support fast food more than thrice, 60% of the students are male and the remainders are female. Hence, it shows that male patronize fast food more than female. According to Okome, Mojbol Olfnk, It has been argued that pre-colonial Nigeria had a gendered division of labor. However, the nature and implication of such a division of labor is ofttimes misinterpreted.While male dominance was built into the neighborly schema of some Nigerian ethnic groups, women played a significant and vital role in all aspects of the lives of their community For some scholars, this is due to the complimentarily of male and female roles and functions. This explains that, from time immemorial, division of labour has been set-apart between male and female. Women put one across been saddled with the responsibility of cooking. When you think about fast food, there are something that you must not forget which is the near factor in fast food is gender.Christine Ton Nu, Patrick Macleod, Jac ques Barthelemy(1996),effects of age and gender on Adolescents Food Habits and Preferences. They reported Reasons among Food Quality and Preference (251-262). This study explored food habits and preferences of 222 French adolescents of 10 to 20 age old. They completed a questionnaire about their eating habits and quoted 10 of their favourite and 10 of their nearly dislike food or beverages. They also mentioned any change in their preferences. These results show that food habits and tastes are mostly related to age and gender.Girls pay more attention to dietetics and snack less than boys. Young adolescents prefer bland and long-familiar foods whereas older ones learn to appreciate adult foods. As they grow older, chicken snack more, skip more meals and seem more interested in foreign foods. Before puberty teenagers reject many foods they previously liked. after(prenominal) puberty they begin to appreciate some foods they didnt like before. Their food repertoire widens at this per iod because of accessible and cognitive influences. 6 Schlosser, E. , (2001) pointed out the most frequently reported reason for eating at fast food outlets is quick service.Laroche and Parsa, (2000) agreed with Schlosser, E. , and said that people decide to chose fast food outlets because they were worried about time. To prepare dental plate meal food, it may take much of time to cook and served it compared to victorious fast food. French S. A Et. al (2001) summaries that some people have other reason why they chose fast food outlets which might be in cross for them to chose time with family, friend, by along with eating at fast food outlets, because they are quick and easy to get to and also a way of socializing with friend and family.Drewnowski and Spectre, (2000) contends that another(prenominal) factor that may influence consumption of fast food is by socioeconomic status. There have all told difference between people who have high wages with people who is have low wages in their life. Usually people who have low economic status, they more prefer to choose food that something not has high nutrition, but more reasonable and inexpensive price while wealthy person they prefer to choose branded restaurants quite an than recognise the ingredients and nutrients contain in the food.Herman and Polivy, (1984) contradicts/protests and emphasizes that the factor that influence of fast food consumption based on residential areas. He observed that people who hold on at the rural areas are less consumed of fast food rather than people who stay at urban area because urban/town residential areas are nearer by the fast food outlets. 7 CHAPTER THREE THEORECTICAL FRAMEWORK 3. 0 INTRODUCTION This ch dexterouser focuses on the theoretical textile of the social correlate of fast food outlet among OAU students.Thus, the innovation of a good theoretical framework is to explain a given social phenomenon and to define the interrelated beliefs, definition and propositio ns that represent a systematic intellection of the subject of study (Ogunbameru 2006). Although, there are many theories that can be used, in this study, rational choice system and Mcdonaldization theory are employed. 3. 1 RATIONAL CHOICE hypothesis Rational choice theory is derived from the neo-classical economics (as well as utilitarianism and game theory, Levi et al,1990,Linden berge,2001Simpson,2007).The focus in rational theory is on actors. Actors are seen as being purposive or as having intentionality that is actors have ends or goals towards which their actions are produceed. Actors also are seen as having preferences (or values, utilities). Of importance is the fact that action is undertaken to achieve objectives that are consistent with an actors preference hierarchy. Although, the rational choice theory starts with actors pop the question or intentions, it must take into consideration at least deuce major cons carryts on action.The first constraint is the scarcity o f resources. Actors have different resources as well as differential access to other resources. The achievement of ends may be for those with lo of resources, the achievement of ends may be relatively easy. However, for those with few, if any, resources, the attainments of ends may be serious or im accomplishable. Related to scarcity of resources is the idea of chance cost (Friedman and Hechter, 1998). In pursuing a given end, actors must note an eye on the costs of forgoing heir next-most-attractive action.A second source of constraints an individual action is social institution. The institutional constraints provide both positive encourage certain action and discourage others. Friedman and Hechter put it that individuals actions are checked from birth to death by family and discipline rules, churches, tabernacle and mosques, hospitals, etc. By 8 restricting the feasible set of material body of action available to the individuals, enforceable rules of the game include norms, laws, agendas etc. 3. 2 RELEVANCE OF RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY TO THE STUDYThe central theme and the main lesson that may be learnt and applicable to this study from the rational choice approach is that students have the goals or aims to achieve good grade or refine from the university, but there are some challenges they have to go through. In a case where a student is being instructed by his or her weltr to finish a project or assignment within a given period of time, such student will have to choose between alternative of forgoing his or her cooking time for his or her project or assignment, he or she may choose to save time by patronizing fast-food. More so, another rea of relevance to this study is that some students have the intention to forgo cooking for reading, but the resources ( capital) needed to steal the food are limited. Students always make use of this slogan Aye o Po, (i. e. No time to do anything else on campus like, cooking and other things). That is despite the differences in the income direct among students they still patronize fast food outlet not minding their class in the society or social economic status. Being rational-calculative beings, the time it takes to prepare food compared to patronizing the fast food outlets has been rationally analyzed by the students.It patently takes more time for preparing food than patronizing the fast food outlets such as the option of patronizing is high. Some students checked that it cost more to prepare food than opting to fast food centers calculating the cost of obtaining the raw food stuffs with the stress involved and the constraint of the time-table/academic course work, it appeared to them that the beat out option available is to get their food-(prepared food) from the fast food centers on campus.In a situation where the time table does not allow leisure, for example having a class from 800am till 1200pm at a stretch, such student involved considered that the best option is to patronize th e fast food joint because of nonavailability of time to cook due to the constraint created by the lecture schedule and time-table. The intention and ratiocination by students varies i. e. ambivalent depending on the income level in term of pocket money or b roll gotten by the students. 9Since society is stratified, the family background of the students will be a factor that influences the decision and intention of the students. This tries to explain that humans are pleasure seekers according to Jeremy Bentham but the constraint from social institutions e. g. (family, peer, school, church) and the non-availability of resources due to the variance in its distribution has a major role to play in their decisions, goal attainments etc. The allow of the students from home also contributes to the decision of patronizing the fast food outlets.For some students that claimed to have little or in equal allowance from home, they prefer to maintain the little on them, buying raw food stuffs a nd reduced to cooking compare to patronizing the fast food outlets contrary to those with high and sufficient periodical or periodic allowance from home that have considered patronizing the fast food outlets as better option in so far that there is financial ability in their disposal. 3. 3 MCDONALIZATION THEORY This theory explains that the drive towards bureaucratization and rationalization is largely motivated by profit.Companies see they cut cost and increase profits through rationalization. The phenomenon of McDonaldization which Ritzer elicits from his analysis of McDonalds fast food restaurants encompasses both Production and consumption and is applied to a broad scope of economic, political, social and cultural artifacts and mechanisms. Ritzer is able to apply his concept to phenomenon ranging from work to leisure, from food to media, from education to politics. Such mode of post modern theory help us to critically view key social dynamics institution and difficulty the exemplifying the major strength of social theory.McDonalds restaurant has become a better exemplar of current form of rationality and its ultimately irrational and harmful human consequences. McDonaldizations institution is part of a general drive to rationalization. 10 They aim to increase 1. Efficiency choosing the best quickest or least difficult means to a given end. 2. Calculability Emphasis on the three-figure aspects of the product being sold. 3. Predictability involves the customer bashing what to expect from a given producer of goods and services. 4. Control A way to keep a complicated system running smoothly. . 4 RELEVANCE OF MCDONALIZATION THEORY TO THE STUDY. Using the principles of McDonalization, success has been put down by workers, students and managers. These principles have offered students, workers, manager e. t. c. Efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. These principles will be explained and how it has applied to our study. Ritzer (1996) defin es cogency as The optimum method for getting from one point to another. To the customer or students of fast food outlets, this means the best way of getting from being hungry to being full.In this contemporary society where all consumers varying from students, workers, lecturers, etc. are in a rush to extend to up with tight schedules, e. g. lecture time table, submission of assignments and other demands of the society might turn to fast food outlets for their survival, due to the stress and time constraint faced in cooking. This can be affirmed by (Ritzer, 1996) who stressed that cooking is inefficient because it can take hours to get fed whereas traditional and continual food prepared in this fast food takes minutes and it is also efficient.In major fast food outlets, quantity (especially a large quantity) tends to become a surrogate for quality. (Ritzer1996). There is an emphasis on producing a high quantity, get a lot of food quickly, and the owners gets a lot of work out of their workers. However, the consumers may not get a quality dining experience, because they are rushed and they have a limited choice. 11 CALCULABILITY Great importance is given to calculability to an emphasis on quality, often to the detriment of quality. This principle explains the adverse effects of fast food outlets on customers or students.The owners and employees of fast food outlets are majorly concerns with the quick rate of turner, with this, it affect the quality of food they produce, because they are after quantity and not quality. Similarly, customers are expected to spend as little time as possible in the fast food outlets. The drive through the window reduces the time to zero, but if customers desire to eat in the restaurant, the chairs may be knowing to impel them to leave after about 20 minutes. (Some students go for relaxation). The emphasis from speed clearly has a proscribe effect on the quality of food at a fast food outlet.Also, the emphasis on how fast the wo rk is to be through with(p) means that the customers cannot be served high quality food. PREDICTABILITY What this theory explains is that, there is an expected ways the customers are attend to by the workers of fast food outlets and there is a designed way of selling and buying in the outlet e. g. before going to buying food in forks and fingers or Iya- Ila, you have the fore- association of what you expect from the fast food outlets. In these outlets, there are processes which both the customers and the outlets workers must follow in the course of their transaction.Taking Iya-Ila as example, the process in which customers order their food, the customers line up for their food, and also queue for the soup. The predictability has been able to posit that, students have the fore knowledge of what to expect from the fast food. 12 CHAPTER FOUR METHODOLOGY 4. 0 INTRODUCTION Methodology according to Oxford Dictionary of Sociology is used to refers to the methods and general approach to observational research of a particular discipline or even a particular large study, although, the term research techniques is perhaps more apt in this context.This chapter describes the place of study, the sampling technique, collection of entropy and processing, and problems encountered in the field. 4. 1 STUDY landing field The research work was studied in Obafemi Awolowo University campus Ile-Ife, Osun State. The focus areas are 1. Academic area 2. Student Union Building nation 3. Hostel area 4. New market / New Buka Area. . 4. 2 interrogation DESIGN Exploratory research design was used in this study. It serves the purpose of satisfying ones curiosity and desire for better understanding. It was also used to test the feasibility of understanding a more careful study. 4. 3 sample distribution TECHNIQUEThe sampling technique used in this study is the probability or Random sampling, specifically, systematic sampling procedure to arrive at the target respondents for the study. 13 4. 4 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT In this study, quantitative instrument of data collection was used which entails administering of questionnaire. The questionnaires were divided into sections. The first section is concerned with socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents such as their age, marital status, religious belief, while the other section is about income level like school allowance, monthly allowance and additional income.The questionnaire contains both the open and close-ended questions, closeended questions eer to find out attitudes of respondents if they patronize the fast food outlets and the positive and negative effects that prompt it. It has a closed ended questions in order to minimize irrelevant responses and also to make it easier for the respondent to fare as he or she only has to choose a category. Open ended questionnaire was also included in the questionnaire to allow more opportunity for creativeness and self-expression by the respondent. It also helps to deal with complex issues that cannot be condensed into few short categories. 4. 5 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE OAU Campus is divided into areas, the areas elect was the academic AREA, STUDENT UNION BUILDING AREA, HOSTELS AREA and NEW MARKET or NEW BUKA AREA. The rationale of selection was systematic through the process of balloting, both faculties were chosen out of the 11 FACULTIES, (Faculty Law and health sciences,) five questionnaires were administered to each faculty to make it 10.Fork and fingers and fivers were chosen in the student union structure area based on the food outlets are patronized by 10 questionnaires were administered each to the students to make it 20 questionnaires. The respondents chosen in the BUKA AREA and NEW BUKA MARKET were also done randomly. 10 questionnaires were administered. Two hostels were chosen by balloting, Moremi and Angola were picked, and Five questionnaires were administered to each hostels make it 10. In all, 50 questionnair es were administered to these areas. 14 4. 6 DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDUREAfter the collection of data, analysis and presentation was done in order to give meanings to the raw data collected by using the statistical package for social science (SPSS). 4. 7 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED DURING THE STUDY Many of the respondents at the initial stage complained that they did not have the time to fill the questionnaire and were too busy preparing for their examinations as the research was carried out during this period some opted out of the research session because they were not in the mood to fill the questionnaires. With persuasion, some filled the questionnaire.The female were eager to firmness of purpose the question, while the males felt reluctant and demanded for a tangible reward. Another problem encountered was the non response especially on the open-ended questions that requires the respondent volition to answer questions thus they filled some of the questions arbitrarily. However despite all c hallenges, the study achieved a great success. 15 CHAPTER FIVE DATA ANALYSIS AND debut 5. 0 INTRODUCTION This chapter focuses on the discussion, analysis and presentation of tables on the heterogeneous results obtained from the survey.The discussion herein tags the socio demographic characteristics of respondent used in the survey, and a discussion on the three objectives to examine the extent to which family background affects students patronage to evaluate if gender can influence students patronage of fast food outlets and to determine if the income level of students affects their patronage of fast food outlet. 4. 2 Socio demographic characteristics plank 1 Age group 15-19 years 20-24 years 25-29 years 30-34 years 40-44 years come in Frequency 6 30 9 1 1 47 parcel (%) 12. 8 63. 8 19. 1 2. 1 2. 1 100. 0 Sex virile Female match Frequency 23 27 50Percentage (%) 46. 0 54. 0 100. 0 16 Marital status Single Married Total Frequency 48 2 50 Percentage (%) 96. 0 4. 0 100. 0 holine ss Christianity Muslim Traditional Total Frequency 41 8 1 50 Percentage (%) 82. 0 16. 0 2. 0 100. 0 circumvent 1 shows the socio demographic characteristics of respondents used in the survey. The result obtained from students shows they fall between the age range 15-44 years old, with 12. 8 part in 15-19 age group, 63. 8 pct of those in 20-24 age group being the highest portionage, 19. 1 pct those in ages between 25-29 years of age, 2. 1 percent of those in 30-34 years old and 40-44 years old respectively.The sex distribution includes 46. 0 percent male and 54. 0 percent female. Their marital status includes mass being single 96. 0 percent, and the married surveyed are 4. 0 percent of total surveyed population. Religious affiliations of respondents are Christianity 82. 0 percent, Muslim 16. 0 percent, and traditional 2. 0 percent. 17 4. 3 Examining the extent to which family background affects students patronage bow 2 Variables How are your meals By your mum been prepared at ho me? By cook By relatives Others-self, sisters Total Frequency 35 5 1 7 48 Percentage (%) 72. 10. 4 2. 1 14. 6 100. 0 If none of the options Yes above, do they give you No money to buy food at Total home? 1 1 2 50. 0 50. 0 100. 0 If yes, does it influence Yes your patronage of fast food outlets on campus 1 100. 0 How often do you cook in your hostel? Trice a day Once a day Twice a week Frequency 10 26 8 Percentage (%) 20. 4 53. 1 16. 3 10. 2 Others- Twice a day, 5 often, never Total 49 100. 0 18 submit 2 examines the extent to which family background affects students patronage of fast food. The result shows that meals are prepared at home by majorly by mum 72. percent, followed by cook 10. 4 percent, self and sister 14. 6 percent, and by relative 2. 1 percent. Of all the respondent only two respondents answer the question do they give you money at home, if meals are not prepare? This has a single positive and negative result of yes and no. And the one person who reported receiving m oney at home says it influences his or her patronage of fast food. The frequency of cooking in the hostel is reported as once a day 53. 1 percent, trice a day 20. 4 percent, twice a week 16. 3 percent, others includes twice a day, often, and never 10. 2 percent. 4. Evaluate if gender can influence students patronage of fast food outlets Table 3 Variables Who do you think Male Frequency 32 15 47 Percentage (%) 68. 1 31. 9 100. 0 patronize fast food joint Female most Total State your reasons for your answer above Frequency They have no cooking 8 skill No enough time to 10 Percentage (%) 18. 2 22. 7 hand to cooking Laziness sex role issue Taking friends out to eat Total 17 3 6 44 38. 6 6. 8 13. 6 100. 0 19 Figure 4. 3 evaluates if gender can influence students patronage of fast food. It is reported that male patronize fast food 68. 1 percent more than female 31. 9 percent.Reasons for the high patronage of fast food given are laziness especially on the part of males 38. 6 percent, be lieve there is no enough time to devote to cooking 22. 7 percent, lack of cooking skill 18. 2 percent, taking friends, especially girlfriends, out to eat 13. 6 percent and men believing it is duty of a particular gender 6. 8 percent. 4. 5 ascertain if the income level of students can affect patronage of fast food outlet Table 4. 1 Variable How do you receive Weekly your school allowance Monthly Between monthly No response Total 1 50 2. 0 100. 0 weekly Frequency 11 26 and 12 Percentage (%) 22. 52. 0 24. 0 How much is your 2,000-5,000 12 17 20 49 24. 5 34. 7 40. 8 100. 0 monthly allowance income 6,000-10,000 Above 10,000 Total Figure 4. 5 determines if the income level of students can affect students patronage of fast food outlet. Table 4. 1 describes the income level of surveyed respondents. This shows that majority of respondents receives their income monthly 52. 0 percent, this is followed by between weekly and monthly 24. 0 percent, weekly 22. 0 percent, the no response rate was 2. 0 percent. The reported monthly income receive by respondents are within 2,000 to 20 5,000 24. percent, 6,000 to 10,000 34. 7 percent, and above 10,000 40. 8 percent, having a max of 50,000 from those surveyed report. Table 4. 2 Other sources of income and choice of fast food Variable Do you have other Yes Frequency 31 19 50 Percentage (%) 62. 0 38. 0 100. 0 source of income apart No from your monthly Total allowance? If yes, what are the Scholarship sources? Business Relatives Others- 1 18 9 3. 2 58. 1 29. 0 9. 7 craftsmanship, 3 friends, working Total 31 100. 0 Can your additional Yes 27 14 41 65. 9 34. 1 100. 0 income motivate you to No patronize outlet? fast food TotalWhat is your choice of Forks and fingers fast food outlet on Banwill Iya-Ila 26 8 5 55. 3 17. 0 10. 6 campus? 21 Others- Captain cook, 8 New buka, Depullars Total 47 17. 0 100. 0 Table 4. 2 shows other sources of reported income. 62. 0 percent reported has having other sources of income apart from monthly allowa nce from home. This sources includes business ventures 58. 1 percent, relatives 29. 0 percent, scholarship 3. 2 percent, others are craftsmanship, friends and working 9. 7 percent. spare income is also reported to be a motivating factor to patronizing fast food outlet 65. percent. The choice of fast food outlet are forks and fingers 55. 3 percent, banwill 17. 0 percent, Iya-Ila 10. 6 percent, others are captain cook, new buka, and depillars 17. 0 percent among surveyed respondents. Table 4. 3 Cross tabulation show how much of monthly income or allowance goes to fast food What percentages of your allowance go to fast food Income 2,000-5,000 6,000-10,000 Above 10,000 Total 5-10% 7 (63. 6%) 9 (60. 0%) 5 (26. 3%) 21 (47. 7%) 15-20% 1 (9. 1%) 4 (26. 7%) 3 (15. 8%) 8 (18. 2%) 25-30% 3 (27. 3%) 2 (13. 3%) 11 (57. 9%) 16 (35. 6%) 11 (100. %) 15 (100. 0%) 19 (100. 0%) 45 (100. 0%) Total Table 4. 3 shows a cross tabulation of how much income or allowance goes to fast food outlet. 10% of inc ome goes to fast food outlet by those who receive between 2,000 to 5,000 naira as monthly income, 1 person reports 15 to 20 percent of income goes to fast food, and 3 person reports 25-30 percent goes to fast food. Those that receive between 6,000 to 10,000 9 persons reports 5 to 10 percent going to fast food, 4 persons report 15 to 20 percent goes to fast food, and 2 persons reports 25 to 30 percent goes to fast food. 22Those that receive above 10,000 naira 5 persons reports that 5 to 10 percent goes to fast food, 3 persons reports that 15 to 20 percent goes to fast food, and 11 persons reports that 25 to 30 percent of allowances goes to fast food. For those whose income falls between 2,000 to 10,000 naira, that is 63. 6 percent and 60. 0 percent, the highest percentage of income that is spent in fast food outlet is between 5 to 10 percent, while for those whose income is above 10,000 naira, 57. 9 percent of them spend a higher percentage of their income at the fast food outlet 25 to 30 percent.DISCUSSION Findings in this study bring up that the economic status can be a determining factor for students patronage of fast food outlets. This can be affirmed by the fact that respondents who receive the lowest income (2,000 5000) spend less of their income on fast food outlets i. e. 63. 6% of them spend just 10% of their income on fast food. This empirical study background can influence students patronage as can be seen in table 4. 3 where by 72. 9% of the respondents have their meals cooked by their mum, cook by other relatives while just 7%, cook their food themselves at home.This goes further to imply that greater percentage of the students do not cook by themselves. Hence, they tend patronize fast food outlets. Students who have their meals cooked by their mum tend to be lazy in preparing their own food, this can also be tested by the fact that 38% of respondents belief laziness contribute to the reasons why students patronize fast food outlets. This study al so establish the fact that individuals gender affect the patronage of fast food outlets as more male patronized than female (68. 1% male patronize fast food outlets while 31. % female patronize it). 23 SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION 6. 0 SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS The definition of fast food is inconsistence but equally, fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served with low preparation time. The term Fast Food was recognized by Merriam-Webster in 1951. The historical background of fast food can be traced to urban development which was deeply rooted in sociological inevitably. Large urban cities like United Kingdom, United state, Paris, and London witness the emergence of fast food.In the traditional society, fast food is equally evident, the example of traditional meals such as Suya, Eba, and Egusi soup, Semo are sold within OAU Campus. Academic and scientific research revealed that, most undergrad students patronize fast food outlets, which has indirect ly affected their cooking tillage and the level of satisfaction derived from the consumption of this fast foods. However, other relevant literatures relating to social, economic status of the students however were also discussed. Rational choice theory was used as a theoretical framework to explain how students make choices in order to have good grade.Despite the differences in the income level among students they still patronize fast food outlets not mining their social class and socio-economic status. This study depict that, student maintain the cost to prepare food than opting to fast food outlets. The principle on the study of McDonalization has been recorded by workers, students and managers, spirit at their efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control Methodology describes the place of study, sampling technique, collection of data and processing and problems encountered in the research work.The exploratory research was carried out among the OAU students using the p robability sampling, systematic procedure and the problem encountered on the research work is that most of the respondents complained that have the time to fill the questionnaires. 24 Data analysis and discussion focuses on the various(a) results obtain from the survey. This study has been able to cover the social-demographic characteristics of respondent used in the survey looking at the extent to which family background affect students patronage, how gender influenced students patronage of fast food outlets. 25 6. 1 RECOMMENDATIONFrom the analysis we can see that most parent do the cooking, parent should be encouraged more to train up their wards on how to prepare meal on their own. ( They can get a line them how to prepare fast food on their own instead of buying outside). Food and nutrition should also be included in all school curriculums. grammatical gender role of cooking should not be bound to the female child alone there should be a end in the societal roles. This will encourage the male to also move into in cooking activities at home so that such child will be able to cook for himself/herself when they get to school.Moderate allowance should be given to student that receives more allowance because more than half of their money goes to fast food restaurant which disallow them from cooking in school. 26 6. 2 CONCLUSION Conclusively, fast food should not be entirely criticized because it has been a major source of survival for those that do not have the time and the skill on how to prepare meal on their own. At the same time the students should be discourage from patronizing fast food outlets. The importance of fast food on campus cannot be over emphasizes.The feeler or emergence of fast food has been a source of help to social class or group. Consequently in examining the extent through which family background affect patronage of fast food, we see that most meals are often prepared by their mothers and also student who receive more income from h ome tend to patronize fast food than those who do not receive much. Also, those who have their meal prepare by a cook tend to patronize fast food outlet more than others who know how to prepare their meals themselves.We are able to conclude that male student patronize fast food outlet more than their female counterpart because of the various reason associated with this which are laziness, lack of cooking skill or time. obviously student income level also goes a long way in affecting student patronage of fast food outlets those who receive more money from home patronize fast food more. 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